Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.10.005
Powder sherardizing on Q235 structural steel was conducted in a 70wt.% Zn–0.8wt.% NH4Cl–29.2wt.% α-Al2O3 activated pack at 340–400 °C for 2–10 h to establish the temperature-dependent growth kinetics, phase evolution, and corrosion performance of Zn–Fe intermetallic layers. Cross-sectional SEM/EDS and XRD show that all layers consist of δ and Γ phases, with Γ concentrated near the substrate; excessive Γ at 340 °C initiates interfacial cracking. Layer thickness increases monotonically with temperature and time, rising from 10.80 μm at 340 °C to 43.90 μm at 400 °C after 6 h, and from 12.10 μm at 2 h to 81.60 μm at 10 h at 380 °C. The Zn/Fe ratio and δ-phase fraction increase with temperature, yielding denser layers and improved corrosion resistance; at 380–400 °C, corrosion current densities fall to 1.16×10⁻⁶–9.78×10⁻⁷ A/cm². The diffusion coefficient at 380 °C is 2.341×10⁻¹³ m²/s. Prolonged holding beyond 6 h produces through-thickness cracks. DSC and microstructural evidence support a three-stage growth mechanism: formation of active Zn atoms via ZnCl2 decomposition, bidirectional Zn/Fe interdiffusion along substrate defects, and continuous inward advancement of the Zn–Fe intermetallic front. The optimal processing window is 380 °C for 6 h, yielding a ~36.1 μm crack-free layer with 84.1% δ phase and superior corrosion resistance.
Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.11.007
The cam-tappet friction pair in internal combustion engines experiences severe wear under excessive loads and complex lubrication, reducing engine efficiency. This study employs laser surface texturing to fabricate biomimetic wavy textures on GCr15 steel, varying texture spacing to investigate the influence of area fraction on tribological performance. Ball-on-disk tests simulated cam-tappet point contact using AISI 1045 steel balls under 10 N load, 1.038 GPa contact stress, 150 r/min, and oil lubrication. Friction coefficient and wear rate were monitored, with surface morphology and elemental composition analyzed by SEM, 3D profilometer, and EDS. Fluent simulations modeled oil film pressure distribution for different spacings. All textured samples outperformed the untextured substrate. Optimal area fraction of 15–20% reduced friction coefficient by ~50% and wear rate by 60% compared to the substrate, while oil film pressure increased by 20% relative to a 9.75% area fraction texture. Simulation and experimental results concur. Excessive texture area fraction increases contact stress and wear, whereas insufficient area fraction yields low oil film pressure and poor hydrodynamic effects. Laser-fabricated biomimetic wavy textures effectively enhance the friction and wear performance of GCr15 steel through abrasive particle storage and hydrodynamic pressure augmentation, with an optimal area fraction of 15–20%.
Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.11.004
The operational reliability of hydroelectric generator units is critically constrained by the current-carrying tribological performance of carbon brush/collector ring systems, which are highly sensitive to ambient temperature and humidity. This study conducted controlled-atmosphere experiments on a 45 steel/carbon friction pair under temperatures of 20–40 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 40–60%. Key parameters including friction coefficient, wear rate, contact resistance, and contact temperature were measured, and surface damage mechanisms were analyzed. Results show that at 35 °C and 50% RH, the average friction coefficient reached a minimum of 0.1297, a 46.6% reduction compared to the maximum of 0.2427 at 25 °C and 55% RH. The lowest average contact resistance of 1.52 Ω was obtained at 25 °C/50% RH and 40 °C/45% RH, representing a 49.3% decrease from the maximum of 2.27 Ω at 25 °C/40% RH. Wear rate was minimized at 50% RH. Contact temperature exhibited an 'N'-shaped variation with increasing temperature at constant humidity. Elevated temperature promoted oxidation but reduced water vapor and induced desorption of water molecules, hindering water film formation. At 30 °C, friction coefficient, wear rate, and contact resistance all reached relatively low values. Increased humidity reduced surface roughness and smoothed the brush surface. Water vapor is a key factor influencing abrasive and adhesive wear, with adhesive wear minimized near 50% RH. High temperature or high humidity environments degrade current-carrying tribological performance. These findings provide optimal environmental parameters for enhancing the operational reliability of hydroelectric generator units.
Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.12.005
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings on magnesium alloys exhibit inherent micro-pores and micro-cracks that serve as corrosive pathways, limiting long-term corrosion and wear resistance. This study fabricates a polyimide (PI)/CeO2 composite coating to seal MAO defects and enhance protective performance. CeO2 particles were dispersed in a polyimide solution and applied to MAO-treated surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electrochemical testing, salt spray testing, and friction-wear testing characterized microstructure, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. Microstructural analysis shows the PI layer completely fills MAO pores, forming a dense, smooth, hydrophobic surface with contact angles of (114.6±4.2)° and (110.1±3.3)°. Electrochemical tests reveal the MAO/PI-CeO2 coating exhibits the most positive corrosion potential and lowest corrosion current density in 3.5 wt.% NaCl, far superior to single MAO and MAO/PI coatings. Salt spray testing confirms only slight local corrosion after 40 days, demonstrating excellent long-term stability. CeO2 doping densifies the PI matrix; dissolved Ce3+/Ce4+ reacts with OH– to form precipitates that seal micro-defects and inhibit cathodic reactions. The introduction of CeO2 reduces wear depth and width, significantly enhancing wear resistance. PI provides self-lubrication, while CeO2 enhances load-bearing capacity and structural integrity, reducing plastic deformation during sliding contact. The composite coating successfully seals MAO defects and significantly improves long-term corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and hydrophobicity of MAO-coated magnesium alloys.
Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.12.006
Aluminum-lithium alloys are critical aerospace structural materials but suffer localized corrosion in chloride environments, necessitating protective coatings that also resist ultraviolet degradation. Conventional epoxy coatings are brittle, prone to microcracking, and photodegrade under UV radiation, leading to chalking, discoloration, and loss of barrier properties. This study synthesizes sheet-like CeO2 nanoparticles via reverse precipitation and functionalizes them with vinyl triethoxysilane (VTEO) and γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (KH550) to enhance interfacial compatibility and dispersion in an epoxy matrix. The resulting VTEO−CeO2/Epoxy and KH550−CeO2/Epoxy composite coatings are systematically characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and TEM, confirming successful silane grafting. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy reveal that modified CeO2 absorbs UV radiation more strongly and converts it to harmless heat, delaying photoxidative degradation of aromatic ether and CH3−C bonds in the epoxy. After 168 h of UV accelerated aging, the VTEO−CeO2/Epoxy coating exhibits the lowest corrosion current density (3.175×10−7 A/cm2) and larger capacitive arc radius, indicating superior and stable corrosion resistance. Contact angle tests show minimal hydrophilicity change after aging. The self-healing mechanism involves Ce3+ reacting with water and oxygen at damage sites to form insoluble CeO2 and Ce(OH)3, blocking micropores and inhibiting corrosive media ingress. This work provides a viable strategy for multifunctional epoxy coatings with integrated UV shielding, corrosion inhibition, and autonomous self-healing for aerospace applications.
Opto-Electronic Advances (光电进展)•2026•DOI: 10.29026/oea.2026.250260
Hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces have emerged as a pivotal platform for enhancing photodetection across multiple bands, yet their practical deployment is constrained by narrow operational bandwidth and high dark current. This study presents a comprehensive experimental investigation of a hybrid plasmonic metasurface photodetector that achieves a peak responsivity of 0.45 A/W at 1550 nm and a specific detectivity of 1.2 × 10^11 Jones, with a dark current density of 2.5 nA/cm² at room temperature. The device exhibits a broad spectral response from 400 nm to 1700 nm, with an external quantum efficiency exceeding 60% at 1300 nm. The metasurface, composed of gold nanodisks on a silicon-on-insulator substrate, leverages localized surface plasmon resonance to enhance light absorption and hot-carrier generation. Experimental results demonstrate a 3 dB bandwidth of 10 GHz and a rise time of 35 ps, enabling high-speed operation. The photodetector maintains stable performance over 1000 hours of continuous operation, with a degradation rate of less than 5%. These findings establish a viable route for multi-band, high-sensitivity photodetection in optical communication and imaging systems.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67070-7
The co-processing of lead-containing waste materials in oxygen bottom-blowing lead smelting alters melt viscosity, which in turn governs gas−liquid mixing efficiency, splashing behavior, and furnace lining erosion. A multi-fluid volume of fluid (VOF) model, incorporating experimentally determined high-lead slag viscosity values, was applied to an industrial-scale bottom-blowing furnace to resolve these coupled phenomena. The simulations demonstrate that optimal gas−liquid mixing occurs at viscosity values of 0.01 and 0.5 Pa·s, whereas minimal splashing is confined to the viscosity range of 0.1−0.25 Pa·s, corresponding to temperatures of approximately 1076−1100 °C. The regions surrounding the oxygen lances are identified as the most susceptible to erosion. Shear stress increases with melt viscosity, rising particularly rapidly within the 0.1−0.25 Pa·s interval. To minimize erosion, the melt viscosity should be maintained within 0.01−0.1 Pa·s. These findings provide quantitative thresholds for viscosity control in industrial bottom-blowing furnaces processing lead-containing secondary materials, enabling trade-offs between mixing intensity, splashing suppression, and lining protection to be optimized on an operational basis.
Opto-Electronic Advances (光电进展)•2026•DOI: 10.29026/oea.2026.250267
Scene-level passive 3D imaging under natural conditions remains a critical unmet need, as established techniques such as structured light, LiDAR, and active stereo rely on controlled illumination and scanning, limiting their applicability to large, dynamic outdoor environments. Passive polarization 3D imaging offers inherent advantages for long-range, high-precision reconstruction but is fundamentally impeded by two obstacles: the π ambiguity of the azimuth component of surface normals and the discontinuity of multiple targets within a scene. This study introduces a scene-level passive polarization 3D imaging method that integrates binocular stereo vision with polarization cues. The reconstruction of discontinuous targets is formulated as a minimization problem, where pixel-level normal directions from polarization and absolute scale information from binocular stereo serve as mutual constraints for iterative optimization. This framework resolves the discontinuity challenge and recovers true depth. A scale normalization strategy globally aligns multi-view measurement data, eliminating inter-frame scale inconsistencies that hinder dynamic reconstruction. Multi-frame point cloud fusion yields the final scene-level 3D structure. Experimental validation on natural field scenes demonstrates robust, wide-scene, high-accuracy passive video reconstructions with centimeter-level precision. This passive polarization stereo approach represents a significant advancement in scene-level 3D imaging, with potential applications in autonomous navigation, environmental monitoring, and cultural heritage documentation.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67067-7
Conventional ammonium sulfate leaching of ionic rare earth ores generates 4–6 t of ammonia-nitrogen wastewater per ton of rare earth and drives mining-area soil pH to 3.5–4.0, creating an acute environmental compliance risk. This study evaluates a low-ammonium synergistic lixiviant comprising 0.020 mol/L (NH4)2SO4 and 0.010 mol/L acetic acid (HAc) at pH 4–5, 30 °C, and 1 h contact time. Comparative leaching experiments establish a rare earth element (REE) leaching efficiency of 88.92%, a 13.36% absolute increase over single 0.020 mol/L (NH4)2SO4 leaching. To achieve the same ~90% efficiency benchmark, the conventional single-salt system requires 0.030 mol/L (NH4)2SO4; the synergistic system therefore reduces ammonium consumption by 33.3%. Surface characterization indicates a dual mechanism: H+ attenuates electrostatic interactions between RE3+ and silicate surfaces, enhancing NH4+–RE3+ exchange, while CH3COO− forms soluble RE3+/Al3+ complexes that prevent Al(OH)3 passivation and sustain surface reactivity. The protocol offers a directly deployable route to cut reagent cost and ammonia-nitrogen load without sacrificing recovery, addressing the principal bottleneck restraining sustainable ionic rare earth ore exploitation under China's dual-carbon and rare earth total-amount control policies.
Railway Engineering Science (铁道工程科学)•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40534-025-00419-y
This study quantifies the degradation of fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance in high-speed train bogie frame materials after long-term service. Full-scale frame fatigue tests, multiaxial FCG experiments, and finite element simulations were integrated to determine equivalent crack loading conditions. Digital image correlation captured surface displacement fields for stress intensity factor calculation. Comparative testing of as-welded (AW) and base metal (BM) regions before and after service revealed substantial reductions in remaining useful life: 70.54% for AW and 22.31% for BM. Crack-tip strain responses increased by more than twofold in AW and 1.44 times in BM after service, indicating diminished crack growth resistance. Microscopic fracture surface analysis showed more secondary cracks, unstable crack paths, and blurred fatigue striations in post-service materials, particularly in the AW region. Phased array ultrasonic testing detected no macroscopic defects, yet microstructural deterioration was evident. These findings establish a quantitative link between service-induced damage and fatigue performance degradation, supporting region-specific residual life assessment strategies for bogie frames. The experimental protocol, grounded in actual service loading spectra, improves the accuracy of remaining useful life prediction and provides a reliable basis for maintenance decision-making in high-speed rail operations.
Railway Engineering Science (铁道工程科学)•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40534-025-00406-3
The expansion of urban and intercity rail networks—exemplified by China's 162,000 km of railway operating mileage and 48,000 km of high-speed lines by the end of 2024—has intensified concerns over train-induced environmental vibrations. Although typically of low amplitude, these vibrations can cause long-term structural deterioration, interfere with precision instruments, and disrupt human comfort. Documented cases include the 1000-year-old Probhutaratna Pagoda in Beijing, located 130 m from a major railway, which exhibited signs of vibration-induced degradation despite measured levels remaining within regulatory thresholds; the 632-year-old Bell Tower in Xi'an, where two overlapping metro lines produced cumulative vibration effects on ancient timber; and Peking University laboratories, where Metro Line 4 vibrations caused visible image distortion in electron microscopes. The complex dynamic interactions among train, track, infrastructure, soils, and buildings render vibration prediction a formidable challenge. This paper provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art modeling methods for train-induced vibrations from surface and underground railway traffic. It begins by addressing wave propagation in natural soils, followed by an in-depth examination of analytical, numerical, and empirical approaches for predicting ground and building vibrations. The review identifies unresolved issues and outlines areas requiring further investigation, including the need for efficient prediction models to assess vibrations and design mitigation measures.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.105
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a transformative technology enabling direct communication between the brain and external devices, offering unprecedented opportunities for restoring motor function in paralyzed individuals and enhancing human-computer interaction. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in BCI technology, focusing on neural signal acquisition, signal processing algorithms, and diverse applications. We systematically analyze invasive and non-invasive recording modalities, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocorticography (ECoG), and intracortical microelectrode arrays, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The review delves into state-of-the-art signal processing techniques, such as adaptive filtering, common spatial patterns, and deep learning-based classification, which have significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of BCI systems. Furthermore, we explore the expanding landscape of BCI applications, ranging from assistive communication and motor rehabilitation to cognitive enhancement and neurofeedback therapy. Critical challenges, including signal non-stationarity, user variability, and long-term stability, are discussed alongside emerging solutions such as hybrid BCI architectures and closed-loop adaptive systems. By integrating findings from recent studies and clinical trials, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the future of BCI technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and real-world clinical adoption. Our analysis underscores the potential of BCIs to revolutionize neurorehabilitation and human augmentation, while also addressing ethical and societal implications. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers seeking to understand the current state and future directions of brain-computer interface technology.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has revolutionized surgical practice by reducing patient trauma and recovery time. However, current robotic systems face limitations in dexterity, haptic feedback, and autonomous decision-making, particularly in complex anatomical environments. This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed to enhance surgical precision and autonomy. The system integrates a macro-scale robotic arm with a micro-scale continuum manipulator, enabling precise manipulation across different scales. A hierarchical control architecture combines model-based and learning-based approaches to achieve adaptive motion planning and real-time obstacle avoidance. The system also incorporates a multi-modal sensing framework that fuses visual, force, and proximity data to provide comprehensive situational awareness. Experimental validation in phantom and ex-vivo models demonstrates significant improvements in task completion time, accuracy, and consistency compared to conventional techniques. The system successfully performed complex tasks such as suturing and tissue dissection with reduced error rates. The results indicate that the proposed system can effectively enhance surgical performance, paving the way for more autonomous and intelligent surgical robots. Future work will focus on in-vivo trials and integration with augmented reality interfaces.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that profoundly influences disease progression and therapeutic response. In this study, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis of HCC using transcriptomic, genomic, and epigenetic data from public databases and our own cohort. We characterized the immune cell infiltration patterns and identified distinct TME subtypes associated with differential prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and machine learning, we constructed a prognostic signature based on TME-related genes, which robustly predicted overall survival in multiple independent cohorts. Furthermore, we explored the interplay between TME, somatic mutations, and copy number variations, revealing potential biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings highlight the clinical significance of TME heterogeneity in HCC and provide a foundation for personalized treatment strategies. The prognostic model and immune-related biomarkers may facilitate risk stratification and guide immunotherapeutic decisions in HCC patients.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060003
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is indispensable for global planarization in semiconductor manufacturing, particularly as integrated circuit technology advances to sub-7 nm nodes where atomic-level surface flatness is critical. Silica abrasives constitute over 90% of the abrasive market in advanced CMP processes, operating via a chemical-mechanical synergistic mechanism: chemical softening of the wafer surface followed by mechanical removal of the softened layer, repeated to achieve planarization. Despite their prevalence, conventional silica abrasives face persistent challenges: relatively low material removal rate (MRR), agglomeration leading to poor dispersion and surface defects, and limitations in achieving ultimate surface uniformity. This review systematically summarizes six decades of progress in silica abrasives for CMP, tracing development from simple spherical particles to complex structural designs (mesoporous, hollow, raspberry-shaped) that enhance slurry transport and mechanical action. Surface chemical modifications (amino or polymer groups) improve dispersion stability and reduce scratching. Composites with ceria or polymers and precise control of particle size distribution are key to performance enhancement. State-of-the-art slurries achieve surface roughness below 0.1 nm RMS. Emerging directions emphasize sustainability and smart manufacturing, notably biodegradable abrasives that disintegrate after use, simplifying post-CMP cleanup and minimizing environmental impact, aligning with green manufacturing principles. This review provides theoretical insights and forward-looking strategies to overcome current limitations and advance CMP abrasives toward next-generation semiconductor manufacturing.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25090006
The electron transport mechanisms in oxide-based programmable diodes (PDs) with a TiN/HfO2/Si/Al structure are investigated through combined electrical measurements and first-principles calculations. The conduction and rectification performance are governed by the interface between oxygen vacancy (VO) filaments and the semiconductor electrode. Under forward bias, the current-voltage characteristics follow Poole-Frenkel emission, with electrons injected from silicon into HfO2 and transported through dense VO trap levels. Under reverse bias, PDs with heavily doped substrates still exhibit Poole-Frenkel behavior, whereas lightly doped substrates show current cutoff due to Schottky barriers at the Si-HfO2 interface. Area-independent current confirms that conduction originates from localized VO filaments. Optimal rectification is achieved at a substrate doping concentration of 1016 cm-3, yielding a switching ratio exceeding 103. These findings clarify the diode-like behavior in metal-oxide-semiconductor resistive switching devices and provide a foundation for device optimization and circuit model development in high-density memory arrays.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058
This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed for autonomous surgical intervention in dynamic environments. The system integrates advanced perception, planning, and control algorithms to enable precise manipulation in minimally invasive procedures. Key contributions include a hierarchical control architecture, real-time adaptive trajectory planning, and a robust force feedback mechanism. Experimental validation in simulated and in-vivo settings demonstrates significant improvements in accuracy, safety, and operational efficiency compared to conventional methods. The proposed framework addresses critical challenges in surgical robotics, paving the way for broader clinical adoption.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066
Background: Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising tool in precision oncology, yet its clinical utility remains underexplored. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study integrating multi-omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) from 1,200 cancer patients to construct digital twin models. Results: The digital twin models accurately predicted treatment responses (AUC=0.89) and identified novel biomarkers for early detection. Integration of multi-omics improved prognostic accuracy by 23% compared to single-omics approaches. Conclusions: Digital twin technology, when integrated with multi-omics data, significantly enhances precision oncology by enabling personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.006
Quantifying two-phase fluid flow in fractured rocks is essential for resource reutilization in abandoned mines, subsurface energy recovery and underground waste isolation. This study develops a mathematical framework for predicting the permeability of rough fracture networks by integrating fractal geometry with single-phase and two-phase seepage theory. A permeability model for rough fracture networks is first established, and its sensitivity to key geometric parameters is analyzed. A second model is then formulated to relate water-phase saturation to measurable variables, enabling the estimation of two-phase permeability from Reynolds number and aperture. Model predictions show deviations of less than 10% from numerical simulations for both single-phase and two-phase flow, demonstrating the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach. The results highlight the dominant roles of fracture number, tortuosity and aperture in controlling permeability, as well as the influence of flow regimes on relative permeability. The proposed framework provides a practical and physically based method for analyzing multiphase seepage in fractured rock and offers a foundation for further applications to field-scale fractured systems.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020017
Ferroelectric domain walls (DWs) constitute mobile, reconfigurable interfaces that underpin the paradigm of domain-wall nanoelectronics, yet their intrinsic two-dimensionality in perovskite ferroelectrics imposes a persistent scaling bottleneck. Charged domain walls (CDWs), essential for conductive channels, suffer from structural broadening driven by diffuse space-charge screening, with widths typically expanding to several nanometers (e.g., ~7 nm in PZT), thereby limiting integration density. This work reports the experimental realization of one-dimensional (1D) CDWs in fluorite-structured ferroelectric ZrO2, achieved via multislice electron ptychography at sub-angstrom resolution. The unique subcell architecture—stacked 2D polar layers separated by nonpolar spacers—confines topological defects to a 1D geometry, enabling atomic-scale confinement of head-to-head and tail-to-tail CDWs. Macroscopic verification using Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 heterostructures and AC impedance spectroscopy demonstrates room-temperature oxygen ion conductivity exceeding 10^-6 S/cm, surpassing conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid electrolytes. This ionic conductivity, coupled with suppressed lattice damage during cycling due to dimensional confinement, positions 1D CDWs as promising candidates for multilevel memory, memristive devices, and neuromorphic computing architectures requiring coupled ionic-electronic transport.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020026
Ferroelectric domain walls are conventionally treated as two-dimensional (2D) interfaces separating regions of differing polarization. Charged domain walls (CDWs), which form head-to-head (H–H) or tail-to-tail (T–T) polarization configurations, carry bound polarization charge and are generally energetically unfavorable, stabilized only through electronic screening, defect accumulation, and lattice relaxation. Recent work by Zhong et al. (Science, 2026) demonstrates that in fluorite ferroelectrics such as ZrO2 and HfO2, CDWs can be confined to one-dimensional (1D) atomic-scale line defects within individual polar layers, enabled by the quasi-layered crystal architecture of weakly coupled polar and nonpolar subcells. Atomic-resolution electron microscopy combined with in situ electric-field manipulation reveals that both H–H and T–T walls exist as self-balancing oxygen-compensated line defects. These 1D CDWs exhibit remarkable dynamic behavior: H–H walls propagate along their 1D trajectories while remaining confined within a single polar layer, with motion coupled to coordinated oxygen-ion shifts rather than cation sublattice deformation. This discovery represents an extreme limit of ferroelectric domain-wall confinement, introducing a new class of polar topological objects intermediate between conventional domain walls and line defects. The findings have profound implications for domain-wall nanoelectronics, where the wall itself acts as an active functional element, and suggest that the density of domain-wall-based devices could far exceed that achievable with 2D walls. The intimate coupling between oxygen chemistry and polarization topology positions 1D CDWs as powerful probes of defect–polarization interactions at the atomic scale.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.02.004
The influence of the heating rate on the thermo-mechanical response and damage evolution of rock is a critical factor limiting the safety and efficiency of engineering applications. Conventional models are limited, however, as they assume a static coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and ignore its dynamic nature under rapid thermal loading. This study confronts this knowledge gap using a synergistic experimental–numerical approach. A custom system combining induction heating and Digital Image Correlation was employed to measure the rate-dependent CTE of both bulk granite and its constituent minerals over various heating rates. These dynamic coefficients were then integrated into a high-fidelity numerical model to simulate microwave-assisted rock breaking. Results definitively show the CTE is strongly rate-dependent. While the quartz phase transition at ~573 °C triggers critical damage, faster heating significantly amplifies strain localization and damage accumulation. Crucially, simulations revealed that under identical microwave loading, the model using dynamic CTE (530 °C/min) reached a 1000 mm² failure area 11 times faster than the model using quasi-static CTE (5 °C/min). This study fundamentally establishes rock's CTE as a dynamic, rate-dependent property, providing a key scientific basis for advancing such thermal fracturing technologies.
China Foundry•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5150-1
Optimizing the mechanical properties and fluidity of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys in high-pressure die casting (HPDC) is critical for manufacturing thin-walled components with large sizes. The performance and fluidity of castings over long flow distances depend on the precise control of solidification behavior during the complex HPDC process. In this study, an AlSi10MnMg alloy was fabricated using a fluidity test mold with three channels of different thicknesses to investigate the influence of varying TiB2 content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluidity of the alloy during long-distance filling in HPDC. Results indicate that the addition of 0.018wt.% TiB2 significantly reduces externally solidified crystals (ESCs) and porosity contents, improving the filling distance from 1,700 mm to 1,833 mm. The reduction in ESCs in the castings by TiB2 is attributed to its ability to promote the migration of ESCs from the shot sleeve toward the melt center, where temperature and flow velocity are higher. At a filling distance of 1,300 mm, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation increase notably with addition of 0.018wt.% TiB2. When the addition of TiB2 increases to 0.036wt.%, the area fraction of ESCs in the channel increases compared to that with 0.018wt.%, and the filling distance slightly decreases to 1,796.9 mm. The mechanical properties of the alloy with 0.036wt.% TiB2 are better than those of the alloy with 0.018wt.% TiB2 over short distances, but become inferior beyond 1,000 mm. This work reveals the role of TiB2 in regulating solidification and flow during long-range filling, offering new insights into the processability of HPDC Al-Si alloys.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01997-6
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency, distinctive geometric, and electronic configurations. However, the efficacy of SACs remains limited for certain reactions requiring simultaneous activation of multiple reactants over metallic active sites. Herein, we report an atomically dispersed Pt1Ru1 dual-atom pair site anchored on nanodiamond@graphene (ND@G) for CO oxidation. The Pt1Ru1 dual-atom catalyst shows an exceptional turnover frequency (TOF) of 17.6 × 10−2 s−1 at significantly lower temperature (30 °C), achieving a tenfold increase in TOF compared to single-atom Pt1/ND@G catalyst (1.5 × 10−2 s−1) and surpassing to previously reported Pt-based catalysts under similar conditions. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining its activity for 40 h at 80 °C without significant deactivation. The superior catalytic performance of Pt-Ru dual-atom catalysts is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru atoms with enhanced metallicity for improving simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O2, and the tuning of conventional competitive reactant adsorption into a non-competitive pathway over dual-atom pair sites. The present work manifests the advantages of dual-atom pair sites in heterogeneous catalysis and paves the way for precise design of catalysts at the atomic scale.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02010-w
Two-step-processed (TSP) inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated significant promise in tandem applications. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TSP p-i-n PSCs rarely exceeds 24%. Here, we demonstrate that TSP perovskite films exhibit a vertically gradient distribution of residual PbI2 clusters, which form Schottky heterojunctions with the perovskite, leading to substantial interfacial energy-level mismatches within NiOx-based TSP p-i-n PSCs. These limitations were effectively addressed via a vertical interfacial engineering enabled by dual-interface modification incorporating tin trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sn(OTF)2) and 4-Fluorophenylethylamine chloride (F-PEA) at the NiOx/perovskite and perovskite/C60 interfaces, respectively. The functional Sn(OTF)2 not only enhances the conductivity of NiOx films but also suppresses ion migration, while inducing the formation of a Pb-Sn mixed perovskite interlayer that precisely regulates the energy level at the NiOx/perovskite interface. Complementally, F-PEA post-treatment effectively converts surface residual PbI2 clusters into a 2D perovskite capping layer, which simultaneously passivates surface defects and enhances energy-level alignment at the perovskite/C60 interface. Consequently, the optimized NiOx-based TSP p-i-n PSCs achieve a notable PCE of 25.6% with superior operational stability. This study elucidates the underlying mechanisms limiting the efficiency of TSP p-i-n PSCs, while establishing design principles for these devices targeting 26% efficiency.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01990-z
Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery is favored among “beyond lithium-ion” technologies for sustainability because of its exceptional energy density. Major impediments are the poor cycle stability and grievous capacity degradation at high current densities. We address these issues by a “killing two birds with one stone” O2-pressure protocol. It first resolves efficient O2 mass transport at high rates. The accelerated reaction kinetics optimizes the composition and growth pathway of discharge products. This protocol secondly achieves protection of Li anodes via densifying corrosion layers on them. Consequently, the battery delivers both ultrahigh discharge capacity (> 9,000 mAh g−1) at 3,000 mA g−1 and excellent cycling stability. Under a dual-strategy effect of high-pressure O2 and artificial protection layers, the battery actualizes over 11-fold increase in cycle life of 5,170 h (2,585 cycles). The strategy opens avenues for advancing Li-O2 batteries towards practical application and confers the extension to other gas-based batteries.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01998-5
Conventional treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) suffer from low remission rates, high drug resistance, and severe adverse effects. To leverage the therapeutic potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nanocatalytic medicine utilizes nanomaterials to generate ROS specifically within tumor sites, enabling efficient and targeted cancer treatment. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified copper-N,N-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfonylbisamine (DMSA)-assembled nanoparticles (Cu-DMSA-HA NPs) are developed with tumor-targeting capability and efficiently catalyze ROS production via coordination chemistry. Targeted delivery is facilitated by HA surface modification through recognition of overexpressed cluster of differentiation 44 receptors on cancer cells, which enhances nanoparticle uptake. Once internalized, intracellular glutathione is depleted by the NPs, followed by a Fenton-like reaction that sustains ROS production. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that this catalytic strategy effectively inhibits DNA replication, prevents cell cycle progression, down-regulates glutathione peroxidase 4 expression, induces ferroptosis, and ultimately suppresses NSCLC progression. Overall, the readily prepared Cu-DMSA-HA NPs exhibit robust catalytic activity and tumor specificity, highlighting their strong potential for clinical translation in nanocatalytic cancer therapy.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01944-5
Space exploration is significant for scientific innovation, resource utilization, and planetary security. Space exploration involves several systems including satellites, space suits, communication systems, and robotics, which have to function under harsh space conditions such as extreme temperatures (− 270 to 1650 °C), microgravity (10⁻⁶ g), unhealthy humidity (< 20% RH or > 60% RH), high atmospheric pressure (~ 1450 psi), and radiation (4000–5000 mSv). Conventional energy-harvesting technologies (solar cells, fuel cells, and nuclear energy), that are normally used to power these space systems have certain limitations (e.g., sunlight dependence, weight, degradation, big size, high cost, low capacity, radioactivity, complexity, and low efficiency). The constraints in conventional energy resources have made it imperative to look for non-conventional yet efficient alternatives. A great potential for enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and mission duration in space exploration can be offered by integrating triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with existing energy sources. Recently, the potential of TENG including energy harvesting (from vibrations/movements in satellites and spacecraft), self-powered sensing, and microgravity, for multiple applications in different space missions has been discussed. This review comprehensively covers the use of TENGs for various space applications, such as planetary exploration missions (Mars environment monitoring), manned space equipment, In-orbit robotic operations /collision monitoring, spacecraft’s design and structural health monitoring, Aeronautical systems, and conventional energy harvesting (solar and nuclear). This review also discusses the use of self-powered TENG sensors for deep space object perception. At the same time, this review compares TENGs with conventional energy harvesting technologies for space systems. Lastly, this review talks about energy harvesting in satellites, TENG-based satellite communication systems, and future practical implementation challenges (with possible solutions).
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6189-2
Plant roots serve as a natural reinforcement method with the potential to significantly enhance slope stability. In engineering practice, roots can function synergistically with geosynthetics, reducing the reliance on artificial materials. Based on a three-dimensional (3D) rotational failure mechanism, this study proposes a novel framework to evaluate the influence of plant roots on the stability of geosynthetic-reinforced slopes. By integrating the hydrological effects of transpiration and the mechanical composite action of root–soil interaction, the reinforcing capacity of uniform root systems is comprehensively assessed. The required dimensionless reinforcement strength at the limit failure state is derived using the functional balance equation. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed through comparisons with existing two-dimensional (2D) solutions for vegetated slopes and 3D solutions for non-vegetated reinforced slopes. Furthermore, various parameter plots are provided to facilitate design analysis. The results indicate that accounting for 3D spatial effects and plant root reinforcement significantly reduces the required reinforcement strength, thereby lowering construction costs and enhancing overall slope safety.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6176-7
Hard tissue repair materials that balance high strength with low modulus are highly promising, representing a transformative focus in applied biomaterials research. In this study, Ti-Nb alloys with high performance are prepared by a low-cost process for orthopedic applications. Phase composition, modulus, compressive strength and recovery properties are effectively manipulated by tailoring trace amounts of interstitial oxygen. With increasing oxygen concentration in sintered Ti-Nb alloys, the β (body centered cubic) phase was stabilized due to the lattice distortion. The elastic modulus declined from 91 to 24 GPa. The compressive strength slightly decreased from 1595 to 1404 MPa and yield strength increased from 760 to 904 MPa. Additionally, the recovery properties were enhanced by the interstitial oxygen as a shape memory alloy. The utilization of trace oxygen serves to modulate the thermoelastic martensitic transformation in Ti-Nb alloys, thereby obtaining appropriate mechanical properties. A notable reduction in modulus is achieved while maintaining high strength, which facilitates the development of orthopedic implants capable of withstanding more complex forces.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01933-8
Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals, so are widely used in photovoltaics, photon counting, monitoring, and imaging. Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their small size unit integration. However, these photodetector units often exhibit poor photoelectric performance due to material defects and inadequate structures, which greatly limit the functions of devices. Designing modification strategies and micro-/nanostructures can compensate for defects, adjust the bandgap, and develop novel quantum structures, which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices. Here, this paper aims to comprehensively elaborate on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors. It starts from the fundamentals of photodetectors, such as principles, types, and parameters, and describes the influence of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and post-processing. Then, we analyse in detail the great influence of surface/interface engineering on the performance of photovoltaic devices, including surface/interface modification and micro-/nanostructural design. Finally, the applications and prospects of optoelectronic devices in various fields such as miniaturization of electronic devices, robotics, and human–computer interaction are shown.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01828-8
The therapeutic efficacy of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and apoptosis is hindered by inadequate intracellular copper and iron levels, hypoxia, and elevated glutathione (GSH) expression in tumor cells. Thermoelectric technology is an emerging frontier in medical therapy that aims to achieve efficient thermal and electrical transport characteristics within a narrow thermal range for biological systems. Here, we systematically constructed biodegradable Cu2MnS3-x-PEG/glucose oxidase (MCPG) with sulfur vacancies (SV) using photothermoelectric catalysis (PTEC), photothermal-enhanced enzyme catalysis, and starvation therapy. This triggers GSH consumption and disrupts intracellular redox homeostasis, leading to immunogenic cell death. Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, MCPG enriched with SV, owing to doping, generates a local temperature gradient that activates PTEC and produces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydroxyl radicals and oxygen are generated through peroxide and catalase-like processes. Increased oxygen levels alleviate tumor hypoxia, whereas hydrogen peroxide production from glycometabolism provides sufficient ROS for a cascade catalytic reaction, establishing a self-reinforcing positive mechanism. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that vacancy defects effectively enhanced enzyme catalytic activity. Multimodal imaging-guided synergistic therapy not only damages tumor cells, but also elicits an antitumor immune response to inhibit tumor metastasis. This study offers novel insights into the cuproptosis/ferroptosis/apoptosis pathways of Cu-based PTEC nanozymes.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01817-x
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells achieve remarkable efficiencies (> 26%) yet face stability challenges. Quasi-2D alternating-cation-interlayer perovskites offer enhanced stability through hydrophobic spacer cations but suffer from vertical phase segregation and buried interface defects. Herein, we introduce dicyanodiamide (DCD) to simultaneously address these dual limitations in GA(MA)nPbnI3n+1 perovskites. The guanidine group in DCD passivates undercoordinated Pb2+ and MA+ vacancies at the perovskite/TiO2 interface, while cyano groups eliminate oxygen vacancies in TiO2 via Ti4+–CN coordination, reducing interfacial trap density by 73% with respect to the control sample. In addition, DCD regulates crystallization kinetics, suppressing low-n-phase aggregation and promoting vertical alignment of high-n phases, which benefit for carrier transport. This dual-functional modification enhances charge transport and stabilizes energy-level alignment. The optimized devices achieve a record power conversion efficiency of 21.54% (vs. 19.05% control) and retain 94% initial efficiency after 1200 h, outperforming unmodified counterparts (84% retention). Combining defect passivation with phase homogenization, this work establishes a molecular bridge strategy to decouple stability-efficiency trade-offs in low-dimensional perovskites, providing a universal framework for interface engineering in high-performance optoelectronics.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01788-z
Although three-dimensional metal halide perovskites are promising candidates for direct X-ray detection, the ion migration of perovskites seriously affects the detector stability. Herein, face-/edge-shared 3D heterometallic glycinate hybrid perovskitoid Pb2CuGly2X4 (Gly = -O2C-CH2-NH2; X = Cl, Br) single crystals (SCs), in which the adjacent lead halide layers are linked by large-sized Cu(Gly)2 pillars, are synthesized in water. The Cu(Gly)2 pillars in combination with face-/edge-shared inorganic skeleton are found able to synergistically suppress the ion migration, delivering a high ion migration activation energy (Ea) of 1.06 eV. The Pb2CuGly2Cl4 SC X-ray detector displays extremely low dark current drift of 1.20 × 10–9 nA mm−1 s−1 V−1 under high electric field (120 V mm−1) and continuous X-ray irradiation (2.86 Gy), and a high sensitivity of 9,250 μC Gy−1 cm−2 is also achieved. More excitingly, the Pb2CuGly2Cl4 nanocrystal can be easily dispersed in water and directly blade-coated on thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate, and the obtained Pb2CuGly2Cl4-based TFT array detector offers an X-ray imaging capability with spatial resolution of 2.2 lp mm−1.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01808-y
Micro-silicon (Si) anode that features high theoretical capacity and fine tap density is ideal for energy-dense lithium-ion batteries. However, the substantial localized mechanical strain caused by the large volume expansion often results in electrode disintegration and capacity loss. Herein, a microporous Si anode with the SiOx/C layer functionalized all-surface and high tap density (~0.65 g cm⁻3) is developed by the hydrolysis-driven strategy that avoids the common use of corrosive etchants and toxic siloxane reagents. The functionalized inner pore with superior structural stability can effectively alleviate the volume change and enhance the electrolyte contact. Simultaneously, the outer particle surface forms a continuous network that prevents electrolyte parasitic decomposition, disperses the interface stress of Si matrix and facilitates electron/ion transport. As a result, the micron-sized Si anode shows only ~9.94 GPa average stress at full lithiation state and delivers an impressive capacity of 901.1 mAh g⁻1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻1. It also performs excellent rate performance of 1123.0 mAh g⁻1 at 5 A g⁻1 and 850.4 at 8 A g⁻1, far exceeding most of reported literatures. Furthermore, when paired with a commercial LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, the pouch cell demonstrates high capacity and desirable cyclic performance.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01800-6
Although multifunctional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with ultrahigh electromagnetic wave absorption are highly required to solve increasingly serious electromagnetic radiation and pollution and meet multi-scenario applications, EMI shielding materials usually cause a lot of reflection and have a single function. To realize the broadband absorption-dominated EMI shielding via absorption–reflection–reabsorption mechanisms and the interference cancelation effect, multifunctional asymmetric bilayer aerogels are designed by sequential printing of a MXene-graphene oxide (MG) layer with a MG emulsion ink and a conductive MXene layer with a MXene ink and subsequent freeze-drying for generating and solidifying numerous pores in the aerogels. The top MG layer of the asymmetric bilayer aerogel optimizes impedance matching and achieves re-absorption, while the bottom MXene layer enhances the reflection of the incident electromagnetic waves. As a result, the asymmetric bilayer aerogel achieves an average absorption coefficient of 0.95 in the X-band and shows the tunable absorption ability to electromagnetic wave in the ultrawide band from 8.2 to 40 GHz. Finite element simulations substantiate the effectiveness of the asymmetric bilayer aerogel for electromagnetic wave absorption. The multifunctional bilayer aerogels exhibit hydrophobicity, thermal insulation and Joule heating capacities and are efficient in solar-thermal/electric heating, infrared stealth, and clean-up of spilled oil.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01789-y
Immunization has long played essential roles in preventing diseases. However, the desire for precision delivery of vaccines to boost a robust immune response remains largely unmet. Here, we describe the use of acupoint delivery of nanovaccines (ADN) to elicit dual-niche immunological priming. ADN can simultaneously stimulate mast cell-assisted maturation of dendritic cells at the acupoint and enable direct delivery of nanovaccines into the draining lymph nodes. We demonstrate that ADN not only provokes antigen presentation by lymph node-resident CD8α+ dendritic cells, but also induces the accumulation of nanovaccines in B-cell zones, amplifying antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and immunoglobulin G antibody expression in draining lymph nodes. ADN also generates systemic immune responses by causing immune memory and preventing T-cell anergy in the spleen. Further supported by evoking effective antitumor responses and high-level antiviral antibodies in mice, ADN provides a simple yet versatile platform for advanced nanovaccination.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01794-1
Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs) are promising energy storage systems integrating high energy density and high-power density, whereas they are plagued by the poor electrochemical stability and inferior kinetics of zinc anodes. Herein, we report an electrolyte additive-assembled interconnecting molecules–zinc anode interface, realizing highly stable and fast-kinetics zinc anodes for ZHSs. The sulfobutyl groups-grafted β-cyclodextrin (SC) supramolecules as a trace additive in ZnSO4 electrolytes not only adsorb on zinc anodes but also self-assemble into an interconnecting molecule interface benefiting from the mutual attraction between the electron-rich sulfobutyl group and the electron-poor cavity of the adjacent SC supramolecule. The interconnecting molecules–zinc anode interface provides abundant anion-trapping cavities and zincophilic groups to enhance Zn2+ transference number and homogenize Zn2+ deposition sites, and meanwhile, it accelerates the desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ to improve zinc deposition kinetics and inhibit active water molecules from inducing parasitic reactions at the zinc deposition interface, making zinc anodes present superior reversibility with 99.7% Coulombic efficiency, ~30 times increase in operation lifetime and an outstanding cumulative capacity at large current densities. ZHSs with 20,000-cycle life and optimized rate capability are thereby achieved. This work provides an inspiring strategy for designing zinc anode interfaces to promote the development of ZHSs.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01755-8
Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics. In this work, we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique, which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the post-sulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films. This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO2/Pt thin-film photocathode, achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen (HC-STH) conversion efficiency of 9.91%. Additionally, the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density (Jph) of 29.44 mA cm−2 (at 0 VRHE) and favorable onset potential (Von) of 0.73 VRHE. Furthermore, our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 mA cm−2 and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56% in natural seawater, followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20% in a CZTS-BiVO4 tandem cell. The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm2 module, highlighting its significant potential for practical, unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01730-3
Amplification-free, highly sensitive, and specific nucleic acid detection is crucial for health monitoring and diagnosis. The type III CRISPR-Cas10 system, which provides viral immunity through CRISPR-associated protein effectors, enables a new amplification-free nucleic acid diagnostic tool. In this study, we develop a CRISPR-graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) biosensor by combining the type III CRISPR-Cas10 system with GFETs for direct nucleic acid detection. This biosensor exploits the target RNA-activated continuous ssDNA cleavage activity of the dCsm3 CRISPR-Cas10 effector and the high charge density of a hairpin DNA reporter on the GFET channel to achieve label-free, amplification-free, highly sensitive, and specific RNA detection. The CRISPR-GFET biosensor exhibits excellent performance in detecting medium-length RNAs and miRNAs, with detection limits at the aM level and a broad linear range of 10−15 to 10−11 M for RNAs and 10−15 to 10−9 M for miRNAs. It shows high sensitivity in throat swabs and serum samples, distinguishing between healthy individuals (N=5) and breast cancer patients (N=6) without the need for extraction, purification, or amplification. This platform mitigates risks associated with nucleic acid amplification and cross-contamination, making it a versatile and scalable diagnostic tool for molecular diagnostics in human health.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01720-5
The ability to control the electrode interfaces in an electrochemical energy storage system is essential for achieving the desired electrochemical performance. However, achieving this ability requires an in-depth understanding of the detailed interfacial nanostructures of the electrode under electrochemical operating conditions. In-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most powerful techniques for revealing electrochemical energy storage mechanisms with high spatiotemporal resolution and high sensitivity in complex electrochemical environments. These attributes play a unique role in understanding how ion transport inside electrode nanomaterials and across interfaces under the dynamic conditions within working batteries. This review aims to gain an in-depth insight into the latest developments of in-situ TEM imaging techniques for probing the interfacial nanostructures of electrochemical energy storage systems, including atomic-scale structural imaging, strain field imaging, electron holography, and integrated differential phase contrast imaging. Significant examples will be described to highlight the fundamental understanding of atomic-scale and nanoscale mechanisms from employing state-of-the-art imaging techniques to visualize structural evolution, ionic valence state changes, and strain mapping, ion transport dynamics. The review concludes by providing a perspective discussion of future directions of the development and application of in-situ TEM techniques in the field of electrochemical energy storage systems.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01767-4
Manganese-based chalcogenides have significant potential as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity, abundant natural reserves, and environmental friendliness. However, their application is hindered by poor cycling stability, resulting from severe volume changes during cycling and slow reaction kinetics due to their complex crystal structure. Here, an efficient and straightforward strategy was employed to in-situ encapsulate single-phase porous nanocubic MnS0.5Se0.5 into carbon nanofibers using electrospinning and the hard template method, thus forming a necklace-like porous MnS0.5Se0.5-carbon nanofiber composite (MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF). The introduction of Se significantly impacts both the composition and microstructure of MnS0.5Se0.5, including lattice distortion that generates additional defects, optimization of chemical bonds, and a nano-spatially confined design. In situ/ex-situ characterization and density functional theory calculations verified that this MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF alleviates the volume expansion and facilitates the transfer of Na+/electron. As expected, MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF anode demonstrates excellent sodium storage performance, characterized by high initial Coulombic efficiency (90.8%), high-rate capability (370.5 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and long durability (over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1). The MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF //NVP@C full cell, assembled with MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3@C as cathode, exhibits a high energy density of 254 Wh kg−1 can be provided. This work presents a novel strategy to optimize the design of anode materials through structural engineering and Se substitution, while also elucidating the underlying reaction mechanisms.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01758-5
Photothermoelectric (PTE) photodetectors with self-powered and uncooled advantages have attracted much interest due to the wide application prospects in the military and civilian fields. However, traditional PTE photodetectors lack of mechanical flexibility and cannot operate independently without the test instrument. Herein, we present a flexible PTE photodetector capable of dual-mode output, combining electrical and optical signal generation for enhanced functionality. Using solution processing, high-quality MXene thin films are assembled on asymmetric electrodes as the photosensitive layer. The geometrically asymmetric electrode design significantly enhances the responsivity, achieving 0.33 mA W−1 under infrared illumination, twice that of the symmetrical configuration. This improvement stems from optimized photothermal conversion and an expanded temperature gradient. The PTE device maintains stable performance after 300 bending cycles, demonstrating excellent flexibility. A new energy conversion pathway has been established by coupling the photothermal conversion of MXene with thermochromic composite materials, leading to a real-time visualization of invisible infrared radiation. Leveraging this functionality, we demonstrate the first human–machine collaborative infrared imaging system, wherein the dual-mode photodetector arrays synchronously generate human-readable pattern and machine-readable pattern. Our study not only provides a new solution for functional integration of flexible photodetectors, but also sets a new benchmark for human–machine collaborative optoelectronics.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01717-0
Rational design of multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of combining therapeutic effects with real-time monitoring of drug distribution and tumor status is emerging as a promising approach in cancer nanomedicine. Here, we introduce pyropheophorbide a–bisaminoquinoline conjugate lipid nanoparticles (PPBC LNPs) as a bimodal system for image-guided phototherapy in bladder cancer treatment. PPBC LNPs not only demonstrate both powerful photodynamic and photothermal effects upon light activation, but also exhibit potent autophagy blockage, effectively inducing bladder cancer cell death. Furthermore, PPBC LNPs possess remarkable photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) imaging capabilities, enabling imaging with high-resolution, deep tissue penetration and high sensitivity for tracking drug biodistribution and phototherapy efficacy. Specifically, PA imaging confirms the efficient accumulation of PPBC LNPs within tumor and predicts therapeutic outcomes of photodynamic therapy, while FL imaging confirms their prolonged retention at the tumor site for up to 6 days. PPBC LNPs significantly suppress bladder tumor growth, with several tumors completely ablated following just two doses of the nanoparticles and laser treatment. Additionally, PPBC LNPs were formulated with lipid-based excipients and assembled using microfluidic technology to enhance biocompatibility, stability, and scalability, showing potential for clinical translation. This versatile nanoparticle represents a promising candidate for further development in bladder cancer therapy.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01725-0
Natural biomass-derived carbon material is one promising alternative to traditional graphene-based catalyst for oxygen electrocatalysis. However, their electrocatalytic performance were constrained by the limited modulating strategy. Herein, using N-doped commercial coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC) as catalyst model, the controllably enhanced sp2-C domains, through an flash Joule heating process, effectively improve the edge defect density and overall graphitization degree of AC catalyst, which tunes the electronic structure of N configurations and accelerates electron transfer, leading to excellent oxygen reduction reaction performance (half-wave potential of 0.884 VRHE, equivalent to commercial 20% Pt/C, with a higher kinetic current density of 5.88 mA cm−2) and oxygen evolution reaction activity (overpotential of 295 mV at 10 mA cm2). In a Zn-air battery, the catalyst shows outstanding cycle stability (over 1200 h) and a peak power density of 121 mW cm−2, surpassing commercial Pt/C and RuO2 catalysts. Density functional theory simulation reveals that the enhanced catalytic activity arises from the axial regulation of local sp2-C domains. This work establishes a robust strategy for sp2-C domain modulation, offering broad applicability in natural biomass-based carbon catalysts for electrocatalysis.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01716-1
Current protective clothing often lacks sufficient comfort to ensure efficient performance of healthcare workers. Developing protective textiles with high air and moisture permeability is a potential and effective solution to discomfort of medical protective clothing. However, realizing the facile production of a protective textile that combines safety and comfort remains a challenge. Herein, we report the fabrication of highly permeable protective textiles (HPPT) with micro/nano-networks, using non-solvent induced phase separation synergistically driven by CaCl2 and fluorinated polyurethane, combined with spraying technique. The HPPT demonstrates excellent liquid repellency and comfort, ensuring high safety and a dry microenvironment for the wearer. The textile exhibits not only a high hydrostatic pressure (12.86 kPa) due to its tailored small mean pore size (1.03 μm) and chemical composition, but also demonstrates excellent air permeability (14.24 mm s−1) and moisture permeability (7.92 kg m−2 d−1) owing to the rational combination of small pore size and high porosity (69%). The HPPT offers superior comfort compared to the commercially available protective materials. Additionally, we elucidated a molding mechanism synergistically inducted by diffusion–dissolution-phase separation. This research provides an innovative perspective on enhancing the comfort of medical protective clothing and offers theoretical support for regulating of pore structure during phase separations.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01697-1
The transition to renewable energy sources has elevated the importance of SIBs (SIBs) as cost-effective alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage. This review examines the mechanisms of gas generation in SIBs, identifying sources from cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolytes, which pose safety risks like swelling, leakage, and explosions. Gases such as CO2, H2, and O2 primarily arise from the instability of cathode materials, side reactions between electrode and electrolyte, and electrolyte decomposition under high temperatures or voltages. Enhanced mitigation strategies, encompassing electrolyte design, buffer layer construction, and electrode material optimization, are deliberated upon. Accordingly, subsequent research endeavors should prioritize long-term high-precision gas detection to bolster the safety and performance of SIBs, thereby fortifying their commercial viability and furnishing dependable solutions for large-scale energy storage and electric vehicles.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01672-w
This review details the advancement in the development of V–Ti-based hydrogen storage materials for using in metal hydride (MH) tanks to supply hydrogen to fuel cells at relatively ambient temperatures and pressures. V–Ti-based solid solution alloys are excellent hydrogen storage materials among many metal hydrides due to their high reversible hydrogen storage capacity which is over 2 wt% at ambient temperature. The preparation methods, structure characteristics, improvement methods of hydrogen storage performance, and attenuation mechanism are systematically summarized and discussed. The relationships between hydrogen storage properties and alloy compositions as well as phase structures are discussed emphatically. For large-scale applications on MH tanks, it is necessary to develop low-cost and high-performance V–Ti-based solid solution alloys with high reversible hydrogen storage capacity, good cyclic durability, and excellent activation performance.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01663-x
High-voltage lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) face substantial challenges, including Li dendrite growth and instability in high-voltage cathodes such as LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NCM811), which impede their practical applications and long-term stability. To address these challenges, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane additive as an electron acceptor is introduced into an ethyl methyl carbonate/fluoroethylene carbonate-based electrolyte. This approach effectively engineers robust dual interfaces on the Li metal anode and the NCM811 cathode, thereby mitigating dendritic growth of Li and enhancing the stability of the cathode. This additive-driven strategy enables LMBs to operate at ultra-high voltages up to 4.7 V. Consequently, Li||Cu cells achieve a coulombic efficiency of 98.96%, and Li||Li symmetric cells extend their cycle life to an impressive 4000 h. Li||NCM811 full cells maintain a high capacity retention of 87.8% after 100 cycles at 4.7 V. Additionally, Li||LNMO full cells exhibit exceptional rate capability, delivering 132.2 mAh g−1 at 10 C and retaining 95.0% capacity after 250 cycles at 1 C and 5 V. As a result, NCM811||graphite pouch cells maintain a 93.4% capacity retention after 1100 cycles at 1 C. These findings underscore the efficacy of additive engineering in addressing Li dendrite formation and instability of cathode under high voltage, thereby paving the road for durable, high-performance LMBs.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01656-w
Sleep monitoring is an important part of health management because sleep quality is crucial for restoration of human health. However, current commercial products of polysomnography are cumbersome with connecting wires and state-of-the-art flexible sensors are still interferential for being attached to the body. Herein, we develop a flexible-integrated multimodal sensing patch based on hydrogel and its application in unconstraint sleep monitoring. The patch comprises a bottom hydrogel-based dual-mode pressure–temperature sensing layer and a top electrospun nanofiber-based non-contact detection layer as one integrated device. The hydrogel as core substrate exhibits strong toughness and water retention, and the multimodal sensing of temperature, pressure, and non-contact proximity is realized based on different sensing mechanisms with no crosstalk interference. The multimodal sensing function is verified in a simulated real-world scenario by a robotic hand grasping objects to validate its practicability. Multiple multimodal sensing patches integrated on different locations of a pillow are assembled for intelligent sleep monitoring. Versatile human–pillow interaction information as well as their evolution over time are acquired and analyzed by a one-dimensional convolutional neural network. Track of head movement and recognition of bad patterns that may lead to poor sleep are achieved, which provides a promising approach for sleep monitoring.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01648-w
Direct formic acid fuel cells are promising energy devices with advantages of low working temperature and high safety in fuel storage and transport. They have been expected to be a future power source for portable electronic devices. The technology has been developed rapidly to overcome the high cost and low power performance that hinder its practical application, which mainly originated from the slow reaction kinetics of the formic acid oxidation and complex mass transfer within the fuel cell electrodes. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the progress around this technology, in particular for addressing multiscale challenges from catalytic mechanism understanding at the atomic scale, to catalyst design at the nanoscale, electrode structure at the micro scale and design at the millimeter scale, and finally to device fabrication at the meter scale. The gap between the highly active electrocatalysts and the poor electrode performance in practical devices is highlighted. Finally, perspectives and opportunities are proposed to potentially bridge this gap for further development of this technology.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01675-7
The morphological distribution of absorbent in composites is equally important with absorbents for the overall electromagnetic properties, but it is often ignored. Herein, a comprehensive consideration including electromagnetic component regulation, layered arrangement structure, and gradient concentration distribution was used to optimize impedance matching and enhance electromagnetic loss. On the microscale, the incorporation of magnetic Ni nanoparticles into MXene nanosheets (Ni@MXene) endows suitable intrinsic permittivity and permeability. On the macroscale, the layered arrangement of Ni@MXene increases the effective interaction area with electromagnetic waves, inducing multiple reflection/scattering effects. On this basis, according to the analysis of absorption, reflection, and transmission (A–R–T) power coefficients of layered composites, the gradient concentration distribution was constructed to realize the impedance matching at low-concentration surface layer, electromagnetic loss at middle concentration interlayer and microwave reflection at high-concentration bottom layer. Consequently, the layered gradient composite (LG5-10–15) achieves complete absorption coverage of X-band at thickness of 2.00–2.20 mm with RLmin of −68.67 dB at 9.85 GHz in 2.05 mm, which is 199.0%, 12.6%, and 50.6% higher than non-layered, layered and layered descending gradient composites, respectively. Therefore, this work confirms the importance of layered gradient structure in improving absorption performance and broadens the design of high-performance microwave absorption materials.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01670-y
In the realm of virtual reality (VR), haptic feedback is integral to enhance the immersive experience; yet, existing wearable devices predominantly rely on skin contact feedback, lacking options for compact and non-contact breeze-sense feedback. Herein, we propose a compact and non-contact working model piezoelectret actuator for providing a gentle and safe breeze sensation. This easy-fabricated and flexible breeze-sense generator with thickness around 1 mm generates air flow pressure up to ~163 Pa, which is significantly sensed by human skin. In a typical demonstration, the breeze-sense generators array showcases its versatility by employing multiple coded modes for non-contact information transmitting. The thin thinness and good flexibility facilitate seamless integration with wearable VR setups, and the wearable arrays empower volunteers to precisely perceive the continuous and sudden breeze senses in the virtual environments. This work is expected to inspire developing new haptic feedback devices that play pivotal roles in human–machine interfaces for VR applications.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01641-9
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are considered as a promising energy storage system owing to its abundant potassium resources. As an important part of the battery composition, anode materials play a vital role in the future development of PIBs. Bismuth-based anode materials demonstrate great potential for storing potassium ions (K+) due to their layered structure, high theoretical capacity based on the alloying reaction mechanism, and safe operating voltage. However, the large radius of K+ inevitably induces severe volume expansion in depotassiation/potassiation, and the sluggish kinetics of K+ insertion/extraction limits its further development. Herein, we summarize the strategies used to improve the potassium storage properties of various types of materials and introduce recent advances in the design and fabrication of favorable structural features of bismuth-based materials. Firstly, this review analyzes the structure, working mechanism and advantages and disadvantages of various types of materials for potassium storage. Then, based on this, the manuscript focuses on summarizing modification strategies including structural and morphological design, compositing with other materials, and electrolyte optimization, and elucidating the advantages of various modifications in enhancing the potassium storage performance. Finally, we outline the current challenges of bismuth-based materials in PIBs and put forward some prospects to be verified.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030011
The optical soliton characteristics of GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength integrated optical chips have broad application prospects in optoelectronic fields such as optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and gas environment monitoring. In the research of two-section integrated optical chips, more attention is paid to their passive mode-locked characteristics. The ability of its structure to generate stable soliton transmission has not yet been studied, which will limit its further application in high-performance near-mid infrared optoelectronic technology. In this paper, we design and prepare a GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength two-section integrated semiconductor laser chip structure, and test and analyze its related properties of soliton, including power−injection current−voltage (P−I−V), temperature and mode-locked characteristics. Experimental results show that the chip can achieve stable mode-locked operation at nearly ~2 μm wavelength and present the working characteristics of near optical soliton states and multi-peak optical soliton states. By comparing and analyzing the measured optical pulse sequence curve with the numerical fitting based on the pure fourth order soliton approximation solution, it is confirmed that the two-section integrated optical chip structure can generate stable transmission of multi-peak optical soliton. This provides a research direction for developing near-mid infrared mode-locked integrated optical chips with high-performance property of optical soliton.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-08)
Interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers (CF) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a key factor that affects the mechanical performances of their composites. It is therefore of great importance to impregnate the CF bundles with PEKK as efficiently as possible. We report that PEKK with a good dispersion in a mixed solution of 4-chlorophenol and 1,2-dichloroethane can be introduced onto CF surfaces by solution impregnation and curing at 280, 320, 340 and 360 °C. The excellent wettability or infiltration of the PEKK solution guarantees a full covering and its tight binding to CFs, making it possible to evaluate the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) with the microdroplet method. The interior of the CF bundles is completely and uniformly filled with PEKK by solution impregnation, leading to a high interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). The maximum IFSS and ILSS reached 107.8 and 99.3 MPa, respectively. Such superior shear properties are ascribed to the formation of amorphous PEKK in the small spaces between CFs.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-01)
Because of its high purity and excellent orientation, mesophase pitch is a superior precursor for high-performance carbon materials. However, the preparation of top-notch mesophase pitch faces challenges. Catalytic polycondensation at low temperatures is more favorable for synthesizing mesophase pitch, because it circumvents the high-temperature free radical reaction of other thermal polycondensation approaches. The reaction is gentle and can be easily controlled. It has the potential to significantly improve the yield of mesophase pitch and easily introduce naphthenic characteristics into the molecules, catalytic polycondensation is therefore a preferred method of synthesizing highly spinnable mesophase pitch. This review provides a synopsis of the selective pretreatment of the raw materials to prepare different mesophase pitches, and explains the reaction mechanism and associated research advances for different catalytic systems in recent years. Finally, how to manufacture high-quality mesophase pitch by using a catalyst-promoter system is summarized and proposed, which may provide a theoretical basis for the future design of high-quality pitch molecules.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-13)
The oxidation reaction mechanism and its kinetics for ethylene tar were investigated in order to obtain a suitable anode material for Li-ion batteries. The oxidation of ethylene tar was divided into 3 stages (350–550, 550–700 and 700–900 K) according to the thermogravimetric curve. To reveal the oxidation reaction mechanism, the components of the gases evolved at different stages were analyzed by mass spectrometry and infrared technology. Based on these results the reaction was divided into 4 stages (323–400, 400–605, 605–750 and 750–860 K) to perform simulation calculations of the kinetics. Using the iso-conversion method (Coats-Redfern) to analyze the linear regression rates (R2) between 17 common reaction kinetics models and experimental data, an optimum reaction kinetics model for expressing the oxidation of ethylene tar was determined and the results were as follows. (1) During oxidation, the side chains of aromatic compounds first react with oxygen to form alcohols and aldehydes, leaving peroxy-radicals on aromatic rings. Subsequently, the aromatic compounds with peroxy-radicals undergo polymerization/condensation reactions to form larger molecules. (2) A fourth-order reaction model was used to describe the first 3 stages in the oxidation process, and the activation energies are 47.33, 18.69 and 9.00 kJ·mol−1 at 323–400, 400–605, 605–750 K, respectively. A three-dimensional diffusion model was applied to the fourth stage of the oxidation process, and the activation energy is 88.37 kJ·mol−1 at 750–860 K. A high softening point pitch was also produced for use as a coating of the graphite anode, and after it had been applied the capacity retention after 300 cycles increased from 51.54% to 79.07%.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-08)
Exploring cost-efficient and highly-efficient noble metal-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) involved in sustainable energy devices remains a great challenge. Transition-metal phosphides supported on heteroatom-doped carbons have shown potential as alternative candidates for precious metals because of their tunable electronic structures and higher catalytic performance. Phosphating was used to construct CoP nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on a nitrogen-doped porous carbon framework (CoP@NC) from Co NPs loaded on NC, using PH3 gas released from NaH2PO2 during heat treatment. The dodecahedral structure of Co NPs was retained in their transformation to CoP NPs. The CoP@NC electrocatalyst shows a remarkable ORR activity with a half-wave potential up to 0.92 V under alkaline conditions, which is attributed to the combined coupling between the well dispersed CoP nanoparticles on the nitrogen-doped carbon and the efficient mass transport in the porous structure. Zinc-air batteries assembled with the CoP@NC electrocatalyst as a cathode have a high open-circuit voltage of 1.51 V and power density of 210.1 mW cm−2. This work provides a novel strategy to develop low-cost catalysts with an excellent ORR performance to promote their practical use in metal-air batteries.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-03)
Electrocatalysis is a key component of many clean energy technologies that has the potential to store renewable electricity in chemical form. Currently, noble metal-based catalysts are most widely used for improving the conversion efficiency of reactants during the electrocatalytic process. However, drawbacks such as high cost and poor stability seriously hinder their large-scale use in this process and in sustainable energy devices. Carbon-based metal-free catalysts (CMFCs) have received growing attention due to their enormous potential for improving the catalytic performance. This review gives a concise comprehensive overview of recent developments in CMFCs for electrosynthesis. First, the fundamental catalytic mechanisms and design strategies of CMFCs are presented and discussed. Then, a brief overview of various electrosynthesis processes, including the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, chlorine, as well as various carbon- and nitrogen-based compounds is given. Finally, current challenges and prospects for CMFCs are highlighted.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-05)
Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials with sizes smaller than 10 nm, that are renowned for their exceptional properties, including superior anti-photobleaching, excellent biocompatibility, and minimal toxicity, which have received significant interest. Near-infrared (NIR) light has emerged as an ideal light source in the biological field due to its advantages of minimal scattering and absorption, long wavelength emission, increased tissue penetration, and reduced interference from biological backgrounds. CDs with efficient absorption and/or emission characteristics in the NIR spectrum have shown remarkable promise in biomedical uses. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the preparation methods and wavelength modulation strategies for near-infrared CDs and reviews research progress in their use in the areas of biosensing, bioimaging, and therapy. It also discusses current challenges and clinical prospects, aimed at deepening our understanding of the subject and promoting further advances in this field.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010028
In the applications such as food production, the environmental temperature should be measured continuously during the entire process, which requires an ultra-low-power temperature sensor for long-termly monitoring. Conventional temperature sensors trade the measurement accuracy with power consumption. In this work, we present a battery-free wireless temperature sensing chip for long-termly monitoring during food production. A calibrated oscillator-based CMOS temperature sensor is proposed instead of the ADC-based power-hungry circuits in conventional works. In addition, the sensor chip can harvest the power transferred by a remote reader to eliminate the use of battery. Meanwhile, the system conducts wireless bidirectional communication between the sensor chip and reader. In this way, the temperature sensor can realize both a high precision and battery-free operation. The temperature sensing chip is fabricated in 55 nm CMOS process, and the reader chip is implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that the temperature measurement error achieves ±1.6 °C from 25 to 50 °C, with battery-free readout by a remote reader.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010017
The transition of cobalt ions located at tetrahedral sites will produce strong absorption in the visible and near-infrared regions, and is expected to work in a passively Q-switched solid-state laser at the eye-safe wavelength of 1.5 µm. In this study, Co2+ ions were introduced into the wide bandgap semiconductor material ZnGa2O4, and large-sized and high-quality Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystals with a volume of about 20 cm3 were grown using the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) method. Crystal structure and optical properties were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and absorption spectroscopy. XRD results show that the Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystal has a pure spinel phase without impurity phases and the rocking curve full width at half maximum (FWHM) is only 58 arcsec. The concentration of Co2+ in Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystals was determined to be 0.2 at.% by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The optical band gap of Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystals is 4.44 eV. The optical absorption spectrum for Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 reveals a prominent visible absorption band within 550−670 nm and a wide absorption band spanning from 1100 to 1700 nm. This suggests that the Co2+ ions have substituted the Zn2+ ions, which are typically tetrahedrally coordinated, within the lattice structure of ZnGa2O4. The visible region's absorption peak and the near-infrared broad absorption band are ascribed to the 4A2(4F) → 4T1(4P) and 4A2(4F) →4T1(4F) transitions, respectively. The optimal ground state absorption cross section was determined to be 3.07 × 10−19 cm2 in ZnGa2O4, a value that is comparatively large within the context of similar materials. This finding suggests that ZnGa2O4 is a promising candidate for use in near-infrared passive Q-switched solid-state lasers.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67030-0
A porous three-dimensional (3D) structure was created on the Zn surface by an electrostripping activation process under high current density, which could suppress the non-uniform Zn2+ deposition induced by the “tip effect.” Moreover, a functional CeO4H4/Ce(OH)3 passivation layer was introduced to prevent electrochemical corrosion and facilitate electrolyte infiltration. Benefiting from the ingenious 3D structure and passivation layer, the assembled symmetric cell delivers a long lifespan of over 1500 h at 5 mA/cm2. Even at 20 mA/cm2, the electrode can still operate for over 300 h. The R-Zn@CeǁMnO2 full cell exhibits a capacity of 205.3 mA·h/g after 300 cycles at a current density of 0.3 A/g.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67033-6
The phase composition at the slag−iron interface and the distribution behavior of titanium, vanadium, chromium and silicon between hot metal and Ti-bearing electric furnace slag were thoroughly explored. The basicity range for the anosovite phase region was defined by using a phase diagram and a minimum smelting temperature was set at 1540 °C. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that the activities of TiO2 and SiO2 in the slag decrease with increasing basicity, while those of V2O3 and Cr2O3 increase. Similarly, the activities of [Ti] and [Si] in the molten metal decrease, while those of [V] and [Cr] rise with increasing basicity. As basicity increases, the distribution ratios, LTi and LSi decrease, whereas LV and LCr increase. Significantly, the recovery efficiencies of vanadium and titanium are improved with higher basicity. The primary phases identified in the slag include anosovite, diopside, and titanium spinel. However, when the basicity exceeds 0.8, the formation of the perovskite phase becomes less favorable, suggesting that basicity should be maintained at or below 0.8.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66982-2
To exploit the combined strengthening effects of nanotwins and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in Cu matrix composites, the nanotwins with a width ranging from 3 to 30 nm were incorporated into the CNTs-reinforced Cu matrix composites using cryogenic rolling and optimizing the initial particle size of the raw Cu powders. The formation of nanotwins in the Cu matrix composite reinforced by only 0.2 wt.% CNTs is accompanied by the increased dislocation density and refined Cu grain size, resulting in much better strength−ductility synergy than the referenced composite without significant nanotwins formation. The analysis of strengthening and toughening mechanisms demonstrates that the strength increment mainly derives from grain refinement strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and nanotwin strengthening. The strength increment from the contribution of the nanotwins accounts for 19.9% of the overall strength increment for the composite. Meanwhile, the retention of good tensile ductility can be reasonably explained by the increased dislocation accommodation ability due to the formed nanotwins and the decreased induced dislocation proliferation.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.004
The thermal effects of coal combustion considerably influence the physical and chemical properties, structural characteristics, and stability of rocks, posing a serious threat to the safety of coal mining operations. In this study, the impacts of temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics (i.e., mineral phase, microstructure, and mechanical strength) of sandstone were investigated by employing experimental methods, including microstructural analysis, uniaxial acoustic emission (AE), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results indicate that temperature alters the mineral phase and the pore characteristics, and these two factors jointly affect the mechanical properties of sandstone. The influence of temperature on the mechanical strength of sandstone is categorized into low-temperature strengthening and high-temperature damage, with a threshold temperature identified at 600 °C. The low-temperature strengthening effect encompasses both pore strengthening and mineral phase strengthening, while the high-temperature damage effect primarily results from pore damage. As the experimental temperature rises, both the number of AE events and the AE energy transition from a surge in the post-peak failure stage to a stepwise increase during the loading process. This transition implies that the failure mode of the sandstone sample evolves from brittle failure to tensile failure.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.002
Under submerged conditions, compared with traditional self-excited oscillating pulsed waterjets (SOPWs), annular fluid-enhanced self-excited oscillating pulsed waterjets (AFESOPWs) exhibit a higher surge pressure through self-priming. However, their pressure frequency and cavitation characteristics remain unclear, resulting in an inability to fully utilize resonance and cavitation erosion to break coal and rock. In this study, high-frequency pressure testing, high-speed photography, and large eddy simulation (LES) are used to investigate the distribution of the pressure frequency band, evolution law of the cavitation cloud, and its regulation mechanism of a continuous waterjet, SOPW, and AFESOPW. The results indicated that the excitation of the plunger pump, shearing layer vortex, and bubble collapse corresponded to the three high-amplitude frequency bands of the waterjet pressure. AFESOPWs have an additional self-priming frequency that can produce a larger amplitude under a synergistic effect with the second high-amplitude frequency band. A better cavitation effect was produced after self-priming the annulus fluid, and the shedding frequency of the cavitation clouds of the three types of waterjets was linearly related to the cavitation number. The peak pressure of the waterjet and cavitation erosion effect can be improved by modulating the waterjet pressure oscillation frequency and cavitation shedding frequency.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020025
Avalanche photodiode (APD) is a kind of photodetector with important applications in optical communication, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and other fields. APDs fabricated using the recently developed AlGaAsSb as the multiplication material exhibit excellent noise performance. In this work, we report a low-noise separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication (SAGCM) InGaAs/AlGaAsSb APD operating at 1550 nm. A double-mesa structure was fabricated to reduce the dark current. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare two different mesa-structured APDs. By analyzing the electric field distribution, it was found that the electric field at the edge of the multiplication region in the double-mesa APD is nearly 100 kV/cm lower than that of the single-mesa structure. Experimental results demonstrate that after device punch-through, the double-mesa APD’s dark current can be reduced by up to four times compared to the single-mesa APD. Quantitative analysis of the dark current components in the AlGaAsSb APD further confirms that the low sidewall electric field in the double-mesa structure effectively suppresses the trap-assisted tunneling. Additionally, noise measurements indicate a k-value of approximately 0.014, which is significantly lower than that of traditional multiplication materials. This work provides preliminary validation for further performance improvements in low noise and low dark current AlGaAsSb APDs.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020008
In this study, we present the fabrication of vertical SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction diode (HJD) via radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering. The valence and conduction band offsets between β-Ga2O3 and SnO are determined to be 2.65 and 0.75 eV, respectively, through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, showing a type-Ⅱ band alignment. Compared to its Schottky barrier diode (SBD) counterpart, the HJD presents a comparable specific ON-resistances (Ron,sp) of 2.8 mΩ·cm² and lower reverse leakage current (IR), leading to an enhanced reverse blocking characteristics with breakdown voltage (BV) of 1675 V and power figure of merit (PFOM) of 1.0 GW/cm². This demonstrates the high quality of the SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction interface. Silvaco TCAD simulation further reveals that electric field crowding at the edge of anode for the SBD was greatly depressed by the introduction of SnO film, revealing the potential application of SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction in the future β-Ga2O3-based power devices.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.011
Multistage fracturing technology has been used to enhance tight hydrocarbon resource recovery. Determining the proper well spacing and fracturing strategy is crucial for generating a complex fracture network that facilitates oil and gas flow in reservoirs. The stress-shadow effect that occurs between multiple wells significantly affects the development of fracture networks in reservoirs. However, the quantification of the stress-shadow effect and its influence on fracture networks has not been satisfactorily resolved because of the difficulties in detecting and identifying fracture propagation and reorientation in reservoirs. In this study, based on the geological information from the Shengli oilfield, we applied a hybrid finite element-discrete element method to analyze engineering-scale three-dimensional fracture propagation and reorientation by altering well spacings and fracturing strategies. The results indicate that the fracturing area generated by the synchronous fracturing scheme is much smaller than those generated by the sequential and alternative schemes. An alternative hydrofracturing scheme is optimal with respect to fracturing area. The stress-blind area was defined to quantify the mechanical disturbance between adjacent wells. Our study improves the understanding of the effect of fracturing schemes on fracture networks and the impact of independent factors contributing to stress-shadow effects.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030011
The optical soliton characteristics of GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength integrated optical chips have broad application prospects in optoelectronic fields such as optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and gas environment monitoring. In the research of two-section integrated optical chips, more attention is paid to their passive mode-locked characteristics. The ability of its structure to generate stable soliton transmission has not yet been studied, which will limit its further application in high-performance near-mid infrared optoelectronic technology. In this paper, we design and prepare a GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength two-section integrated semiconductor laser chip structure, and test and analyze its related properties of soliton, including power−injection current−voltage (P−I−V), temperature and mode-locked characteristics. Experimental results show that the chip can achieve stable mode-locked operation at nearly ~2 μm wavelength and present the working characteristics of near optical soliton states and multi-peak optical soliton states. By comparing and analyzing the measured optical pulse sequence curve with the numerical fitting based on the pure fourth order soliton approximation solution, it is confirmed that the two-section integrated optical chip structure can generate stable transmission of multi-peak optical soliton. This provides a research direction for developing near-mid infrared mode-locked integrated optical chips with high-performance property of optical soliton.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050016
With the rapid development of information technology, the demand for high-performance and low-power microprocessors continues to grow. Traditional silicon-based semiconductor technologies have encountered numerous bottlenecks in performance enhancement, such as drain-induced barrier lowering, reduced mobility caused by interface scattering, and limited current on/off ratios. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have emerged as a promising solution due to their atomic thickness, excellent electrical properties, and mechanical flexibility. Despite significant progress in wafer-scale growth and device fabrication of 2D materials, integrating them into large-scale functional circuits remains a challenge. Recently, Zhou and colleagues achieved a significant breakthrough by successfully developing the RV32-WUJI, a RISC-V 32-bit microprocessor based on 5900 molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) transistors, demonstrating the great potential of 2D semiconductors in complex circuits. This microprocessor achieved a manufacturing yield of 99.77% and a low power consumption of 0.43 mW at an operating frequency of 1 kHz, showcasing the feasibility and efficiency of 2D semiconductor technology in practical applications. In the manufacturing process, the researchers used a 4-inch MoS₂ wafer and employed a top-gate field-effect transistor (FET) structure compatible with mainstream silicon CMOS technology. By employing a systematic co-optimization strategy and machine learning, they achieved high yield and low power consumption. The microprocessor architecture includes a 1-bit arithmetic logic unit, control status register module, instruction decoding module, and other modules, based on the RV32I instruction set. This research not only demonstrates the great potential of 2D semiconductors in large-scale functional circuits but also paves a new way for future high-performance and low-power applications, laying a solid foundation for the application of 2D semiconductors in next-generation computing technologies.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.009
Rapid and accurate recognition of coal and rock is an important prerequisite for safe and efficient coal mining. In this paper, a novel coal-rock recognition method is proposed based on fusing laser point cloud and images, named Multi-Modal Frustum PointNet (MMFP). Firstly, MobileNetV3 is used as the backbone network of Mask R-CNN to reduce the network parameters and compress the model volume. The dilated convolutional block attention mechanism (Dilated CBAM) and inception structure are combined with MobileNetV3 to further enhance the detection accuracy. Subsequently, the 2D target candidate box is calculated through the improved Mask R-CNN, and the frustum point cloud in the 2D target candidate box is extracted to reduce the calculation scale and spatial search range. Then, the self-attention PointNet is constructed to segment the fused point cloud within the frustum range, and the bounding box regression network is used to predict the bounding box parameters. Finally, an experimental platform of shearer coal wall cutting is established, and multiple comparative experiments are conducted. Experimental results indicate that the proposed coal-rock recognition method is superior to other advanced models.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080038
Neuromorphic devices have garnered significant attention as potential building blocks for energy-efficient hardware systems owing to their capacity to emulate the computational efficiency of the brain. In this regard, reservoir computing (RC) framework, which leverages straightforward training methods and efficient temporal signal processing, has emerged as a promising scheme. While various physical reservoir devices, including ferroelectric, optoelectronic, and memristor-based systems, have been demonstrated, many still face challenges related to compatibility with mainstream complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integration processes. This study introduced a silicon-based Schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (SB-MOSFET), which was fabricated under low thermal budget and compatible with back-end-of-line (BEOL). The device demonstrated short-term memory characteristics, facilitated by the modulation of Schottky barriers and charge trapping. Utilizing these characteristics, a RC system for temporal data processing was constructed, and its performance was validated in a 5 × 4 digital classification task, achieving an accuracy exceeding 98% after 50 training epochs. Furthermore, the system successfully processed temporal signal in waveform classification and prediction tasks using time-division multiplexing. Overall, the SB-MOSFET's high compatibility with CMOS technology provides substantial advantages for large-scale integration, enabling the development of energy-efficient reservoir computing hardware.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.007
The linear elastic hydraulic fracture criterion is not applicable to deep reservoirs when nonlinear behavior is present over an extensive zone at the fracture tip. This study aims to develop a criterion for nonlinear hydraulic fracture considering the fracture process zone (FPZ) and seeks to reveal the causes of nonlinearity during fracture propagation in deep reservoirs. A closing stress profile considering the in-situ stress was established by using the cohesive zone model (CZM) to describe the FPZ at the fracture tip. An analytical model for the FPZ length was derived, while the criterion for nonlinear fracture propagation was proposed. The FPZ fully developed and the fracture began to propagate when the apparent stress intensity at the fracture tip reached the apparent fracture toughness or when the in-situ stress intensity reached the in-situ fracture toughness. The proposed criterion can clearly determine the length of the FPZ, accurately predict the breakdown pressure during fracturing operations, and establish a relationship between these two parameters. It addresses the inherent limitations of conventional linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), which often underestimates fracture toughness and neglects the effects of the FPZ. This research is expected to enhance the fracturing design in deep reservoirs.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5161-3
With the increase in power of the industrial gas turbine and thrust-weight ratio of aeroengine, the conventional strengthening method of adding refractory elements into superalloys has become difficult to meet the demands for the higher mechanical properties. A novel Ni-based superalloy was designed with enhanced strength and hardness based on the graphene nanosheets (GNs) synergistic in-situ nano-carbides strengthening in the present work. Nano-carbides were induced by in-situ reaction of the GNs with alloy powders during additive manufacturing. The microstructure and thermophysical properties of different alloys with 0.1wt.% GNs and without GNs were investigated by SEM, EBSD, TEM, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Residual GNs were also detected by SANS and DSC. The nano-carbides are uniformly distributed in the matrix and combine with residual GNs to refine the cellular structure. Compared with the original alloy (ASE100), the hardness of the alloy with 0.1wt.% GNs (ASE100-0.1GN) is increased by 31 HV (from 315 HV to 346 HV), and the yield tensile strength is increased by 86 MPa (from 756 MPa to 842 MPa). The GNs react with alloy melt in the molten pools to generate nano-carbides under the Marangoni effect during manufacturing process. The dispersion nano-carbides are distributed at both grain boundaries and within grains, effectively hindering the movement of dislocation and enhancing the strength of alloy.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4210-2
Ceramic cores are key components in the production of castings with complex cavity structures. With the continuous development of the aerospace field, the demand for the castings with complex cavity structures is increasing. When using insoluble ceramic cores for casting, there is a significant challenge in removing complex blind cavities, which severely affects the completeness of the shape of the castings. Soluble ceramic cores can disintegrate when placed in water, greatly simplifying the removal process of cores and ensuring the complete formation of castings with complex cavity structures. Additive manufacturing technology, compared to traditional methods for preparing the soluble ceramic cores, does not require molds and can achieve direct forming of complex cores, simplifying the preparation process and reducing production time and costs. Nowadays, various additive manufacturing technologies, such as stereolithography (SL), selective laser sintering (SLS), direct ink writing (DIW), and binder jetting (BJ) technologies, have been successfully applied to the preparation of the ceramic cores. This paper analyzed the advantages and limitations of various additive manufacturing technologies, reviewed the research progress and raw material classifications of soluble ceramic cores prepared by these technologies, and looked forward to the future developments in the preparation of soluble ceramic cores using additive manufacturing technologies.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4028-y
This study investigates the formation feasibility of the integrated bottom car body components with dual die casting injection molding technology. During the production of a die-cast super-large one-piece body part weighing over 10,000 t, a thorough comparison and investigation were conducted on the arising issues, using both single and double injection systems. Particular attention was given to meticulously discussing the die casting filling problems and microstructural defects that originated from the filling process. The research findings indicate that the implementation of a double injection system can significantly minimize cold shuts and reduce the solidification time. The effectiveness of this die casting technique was further confirmed by the production of high-quality castings using a scaled model that replicated real casting conditions at a 1:3 ratio, thereby maintaining a one-to-one correspondence in essential aspects. This successful study offers both theoretical insights and practical applications for the production of integrated bottom car bodies utilizing die casting in conjunction with a dual injection system.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3023-4
Interstitial oxygen (O) contamination remains a substantial challenge for metal injection molding (MIM) of titanium alloys. Herein, this critical problem is successfully addressed by regulating the thermal debinding temperature and incorporating the oxygen scavenger LaB6. Results indicate that the surface oxide layer (with a thickness of (13.4 ± 0.5) nm) of Ti6Al4V powder begins to dissolve into the Ti matrix within the temperature range of 663–775°C. O contamination in MIM Ti alloys can be effectively mitigated by lowering the thermal debinding temperature and adding LaB6 powder. As a result of reduced dissolved O content, the slips of mixed <a> and <c + a> dislocations are effectively accelerated, leading to improved ductility. Moreover, grain refinement, along with the in situ formation of TiB whiskers and second-phase La2O3 particles, enhances the strength of the material. The fabricated MIM Ti6Al4V sample exhibits excellent mechanical properties, achieving an ultimate tensile strength of (967 ± 5) MPa, a yield strength of (866 ± 8) MPa, and an elongation of 21.4% ± 0.7%. These tensile properties represent some of the best results reported in the literature for MIM Ti6Al4V alloys. This study offers valuable insights into the development of high-performance MIM Ti alloys and other metal materials.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3093-y
To satisfy the demand for low-cost and long-range electric vehicles by the market, the commercialization of ultrahigh nickel cathode materials with high specific capacity and a wide electrochemical window is expected to facilitate the development of lithium-ion batteries. However, residual lithium compounds with a strong alkalinity cause difficulty in cathode preparation and indirectly affect the cycling stability of the cathode during cycling. Given the inevitability of the formation of residual alkali, a lithium-borate coating with an adjustable thickness was selected by controlling the formation of residual alkali. An additional lithium source was added to the synthesis process and converted into a thicker and more complete coating structure, which rendered the cathode with better cycle stability. As a result, the percentage of peak area of lithium carbonate on the surface-modified cathode surface exhibited a considerable decrease from 38.07% to 28.26%. The etching results show the formation of a uniform coating layer after boric acid treatment. The initial capacity of the treated cathode was 214.6 mAh·g−1 owing to the favorable effect of the surface coating, and the capacity retention raised from 59.35% to 90.75% and from 63.81% to 91.94% after cycling at 0.5 and 1 C current densities, respectively. The boric acid coating-modified strategy proposed in this paper considerably ameliorates the cycling stabilization of cathodes and provides superior commercial application value for ultrahigh nickel cathode materials.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6123-z
The creep deformation and mechanical properties of 2219 aluminum alloy were experimentally investigated under both tension and compression at the temperature of 165 ℃ for different time. The results indicated that the creep deformation under tensile stress was greater than that under compressive stress. As the stress level increases, the compressive creep rate showed more significant increase. The yield strength after compressive stress creep-ageing was higher than that after stress-free ageing, with the lowest strength observed in the tensile-aged sample. Overall, the average phase length after compressive stress creep-ageing was larger than after tensile stress ageing. Under tensile stress, the number and size of precipitates at small angles to the stress direction were larger than those perpendicular to the stress direction. In contrast, under compressive stress, this relationship was reversed, and the preferential orientation of phases became more pronounced with ageing time. A unified, physics-based creep-ageing constitutive model, accounting for the orientation of precipitation, was developed for both tensile and compressive stress conditions. The predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental data. These findings, along with the developed model, provide a theoretical and simulation basis for precise creep-ageing forming of components under complex stresses.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6103-3
In deep underground engineering construction, the dominant rock failure mode, whether by tension or shear, influences the engineering instability. Therefore, the critical triggering conditions that induce shear or tensile fractures in rocks urgently need further investigation. This paper designs direct shear tests on intact limestone under different normal stress conditions, using binarization methods supplemented by scanning electron microscopy to explore the two-dimensional fracture damage characteristics of limestone joint surfaces. Based on the three-dimensional morphological characteristics of limestone joint surfaces, a method for automatically identifying the three-dimensional curvature of rock joint surfaces is proposed, quantifying the changes in curvature distribution under different normal stresses. Further analysis focused on the proportion of shear damage and high-curvature areas on the upper and lower joint surfaces of limestone. The study examined changes in the cumulative energy of pre-peak acoustic emission and damage under varying effective normal stress-to-shear stress ratios. These results were used to identify and validate the critical threshold range for inducing shear fractures in limestone. The conclusions indicate that the proportion of shear damage area of limestone joint surfaces is positively correlated with effective normal stress. The proportion of high curvature of limestone joint surfaces decreases with increasing normal stress. Both the rapid growth stage of shear damage area and the rapid descent stage of high curvature proportion occur in the effective normal stress to shear stress ratio range of [1.4, 1.6]. The cumulative energy of pre-peak acoustic emission and damage under different effective normal stress to shear stress ratios increase sharply around the ratio of 1.6, further verifying that the effective normal stress to shear stress ratio range of [1.4, 1.6] is the critical threshold range for inducing shear fractures in limestone.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3017-2
Calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicate (CMAS) and/or molten salt corrosion have attracted increased attention, which is an important cause of thermal barrier coating (TBC) failure. In this study, the effect of CMAS and NaCl melting sequence on the corrosion mechanisms of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) TBCs was revealed through experiments and finite element simulations. The YSZ TBCs were prepared via atmospheric plasma spraying. Subsequently, the CMAS and NaCl corrosion experiments of the TBCs were conducted at 1250°C. Results indicated that the melting sequence of CMAS and NaCl could influence the TBC failure mode. The coating failure modes after CMAS + NaCl mixed corrosion and NaCl melting followed by CMAS melting were buckling failures. Conversely, the coating failure mode was observed to be spalling failures. This study provides data support for the optimization of TBC systems in complex corrosive environments.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01274-y
Intelligent manufacturing (IM), a driving force behind the fourth industrial revolution, is reshaping the manufacturing sector by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. Despite the rapid technological advancements in IM, comprehensive bibliometric reviews remain limited. This article systematically reviews the latest research in IM, addressing emerging hotspots, key technologies, and their applications across the entire product manufacturing cycle. Bibliometric analysis is employed to identify research trends visualize publication volume, collaboration patterns, research domains, co-citations, and emerging areas of interest. The article then examines key technologies supporting IM, including sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), digital twins, and virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR). Furthermore, it explores the application of these technologies throughout the manufacturing cycle—from intelligent reliability design, material transportation and tracking, to intelligent planning and scheduling, machining and fabrication, monitoring and maintenance, quality inspection and control, warehousing and management, and sustainable green manufacturing—through specific case studies. Lastly, the article discusses future research directions, highlighting the increasing global market and the need for enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, technological integration, computing power upgrades, and attention to security and privacy in IM. This study provides valuable insights for scholars and serves as a guide for future research and strategic investment decisions, offering a comprehensive view of the IM field.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01352-1
The interaction between the airflow and train influences the aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic performance of high-speed trains. This study focused on the fluid-solid coupling effect of airflow and HST, and proposed a co-simulation (CS) approach between computational fluid dynamics and multi-body dynamics. Firstly, the aerodynamic model was developed by employing overset mesh technology and the finite volume method, and the detailed train-track coupled dynamic model was established. Then the User Data Protocol was adopted to build data communication channels. Moreover, the proposed CS method was validated by comparison with a reported field test result. Finally, a case study of the HST exiting a tunnel subjected to crosswind was conducted to compare differences between CS and offline simulation (OS) methods. In terms of the presented case, the changing trends of aerodynamic forces and car-body displacements calculated by the two methods were similar. Differences mainly lie in aerodynamic moments and transient wheel-rail impacts. Maximum pitching and yawing moments on the head vehicle in the two methods differ by 21.1 kN∙m and 29.6 kN∙m, respectively. And wheel-rail impacts caused by sudden changes in aerodynamic loads are significantly severer in CS. Wheel-rail safety indices obtained by CS are slightly greater than those by OS. This research proposes a CS method for aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic performance of the HST in complex scenarios, which has superiority in computational efficiency and stability.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01286-8
This study aims to develop an accurate calculation model of transmission torque and load-bearing capacity for hydro-viscous clutches (HVC) used in high-power vehicles, which is important to investigate the step-less speed regulation characteristics in a fan drive system. However, most of the existing models ignore the distribution differences of groove area along the radial direction, which may lead to significant deviations in calculating the mechanical property of friction pairs related to operating conditions and the engagement process. To fill this gap, a new calculation model for bearing capacity and frictional torque of friction pairs with different oil grooves is proposed, in which the traditional fixed contact area ratio coefficient for oil groove measurement is replaced by a more precise discrete micro-ring area ratio (DMAR) integration method. Then, a 32-degree-of-freedoms dynamic model of HVC at a fan drive system is established for the prediction of dynamic responses during speed regulation. Results show that friction pairs with different oil grooves have a direct influence on frictional torque and bearing capacity through the change of DMAR along the radial direction. The friction pairs with different groove structures have oscillation phenomena at the engagement steady-state boundary. Furthermore, a step-less speed regulation experimental setup is established to verify the correctness of the proposed model. It is demonstrated that the axial engagement force and the speed regulation curve predicted by the proposed method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results could effectively predict the engagement dynamic characteristics. The numerical relationship among the structure parameters, the mechanical properties of friction pairs, and the speed regulation characteristics of the system are established through the proposed model, which lays a theoretical foundation for the structure design of friction plates and optimization of step-less speed regulation performance.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01206-w
Predictive cruise control (PCC) is an intelligence-assisted control technology that can significantly improve the overall performance of a vehicle by using road and traffic information in advance. With the continuous development of cloud control platforms (CCPs) and telematics boxes (T-boxes), cloud-based predictive cruise control (CPCC) systems are considered an effective solution to the problems of map update difficulties and insufficient computing power on the vehicle side. In this study, a vehicle-cloud hierarchical control architecture for PCC is designed based on a CCP and T-box. This architecture utilizes waypoint structures for hierarchical and dynamic cooperative inter-triggering, enabling rolling optimization of the system and commanding parsing at the vehicle end. This approach significantly improves the anti-interference capability and resolution efficiency of the system. On the CCP side, a predictive fuel-saving speed-planning (PFSP) algorithm that considers the throttle input, speed variations, and time efficiency based on the waypoint structure is proposed. It features a forward optimization search without requiring weight adjustments, demonstrating robust applicability to various road conditions and vehicles equipped with constant cruise (CC) system. On the vehicle-side T-box, based on the reference control sequence with the global navigation satellite system position, the recommended speed is analyzed and controlled using the acute angle principle. Through analyzing the differences of the PFSP algorithm compared to dynamic programming (DP) and Model predictive control (MPC) algorithms under uphill and downhill conditions, the results show that the PFSP achieves good energy-saving performance compared to CC without exhibiting significant speed fluctuations, demonstrating strong adaptability to the CC system. Finally, by building an experimental platform and running field tests over a total of 2000 km, we verified the effectiveness and stability of the CPCC system and proved the fuel-saving performance of the proposed PFSP algorithm. The results showed that the CPCC system equipped with the PFSP algorithm achieved an average fuel-saving rate of 2.05%–4.39% compared to CC.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01298-4
Research has shown that when vehicles follow the Ackerman steering principle (ASP), the tire wear can be reduced and the path tracking performance can be improved. However, in the case of four-wheel independent steering (4WIS) vehicles, the steering systems of the four wheels are relatively independent, and there are differences and uncertainties in individual steering dynamics, which lead to challenges for all four wheels in simultaneously satisfying the ASP and may deteriorate the vehicle path tracking performance. In response to this problem, this paper introduces a four-wheel consistent coordinated steering control for 4WIS vehicles. The algorithm innovatively reconfigures the Ackerman steering relationships as coupling constraints among the wheels, and utilizes the constraint-following method to design controller. The controller achieves uniform boundedness (UB) and uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB) of ASP constraint error. The Carsim/Simulink joint simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm guarantees the approximate satisfaction of ASP in both the transient and steady-state of the vehicle path tracking. Also, it significantly improves the path tracking performance.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01337-0
Origami mechanisms are extensively employed in various engineering applications due to their exceptional folding performance and deformability. The key to designing origami mechanisms lies in the design of the creases. The crease design is often derived from experience and inspiration, so it is crucial to have a systematic approach to crease design. In this paper, a novel synthesis approach based on graph theory is proposed, which effectively addresses the challenge of designing the creases in origami mechanisms. The essence of this method lies in the acquisition of the double symmetrical crease pattern through the directed graph product operation of two subgraphs. The crease pattern can be simplified by employing a technique that eliminates certain creases while preserving the non-isomorphism and symmetry of the pattern. An improved mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to achieve an automatic distribution of the peak_valley creases of the origami. The proposed method ultimately generates 12 unique double symmetrical crease patterns. The new method proposed in this paper, through systematic design, significantly improves the efficiency of mechanism design while opening up broad prospects for exploring new mechanism structures, thereby greatly expanding its application potential in cutting-edge fields such as aerospace engineering and intelligent robots.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01227-5
Thermosyphon loops are widely used in cooling systems. However, such distributed thermal management systems lack the ability to actively control the coolant flow in each parallel branch. An effective method for addressing this is to control the coolant flow in each branch using a solenoid valve. However, the existing valves do not satisfy the requirements for fast switching, low power, low pressure loss, and miniaturization. Therefore, in this study, a low-power-consumption miniature solenoid valve (LMSV) is proposed for use in thermal management systems. The key novelty is that the valve is designed with a suitably sized permanent magnet (PM) to allow the spool to continue working without consuming electrical energy. To achieve low flow resistance, a straight-through design is employed in the valve with the electromagnetic actuator located inside the valve shell. Multiphysical coupling analysis is performed to investigate its performance. The influence of the PM dimensions and current on the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic force is studied. The effects of these key parameters on the flow field and pressure loss are also analyzed. Because the LMSV is sensitive to temperature, the switching time and energy consumption at different working temperatures are investigated. Experimental test platforms are constructed. A valve switching time of as short as 3 ms, pressure loss of 200 Pa at 0.92 L/min, and energy consumption of approximately 1.55 J during the opening and closing processes are achieved. The novel solenoid valve proposed in this study offers fast switching, low power consumption, low pressure loss, and miniaturization to meet the requirements of thermal management systems.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6104-2
Herein, a sub-micron lanthanum zirconate ceramic (La2Zr2O7, LZO) with a pyrochlore structure was prepared by the sol-gel and high temperature sintering methods. The corrosion behavior and mechanism of calcium-ferrum-alumina-silicate (CFAS) powder (33CaO: 10FeO1.5: 13AlO1.5: 44SiO2) on the sub-micron LZO ceramic at 1673 K was investigated. The results indicate that the average grain size of sub-micron LZO ceramic was 895 nm. The CFAS melt rapidly diffused into the interior of the LZO ceramic wafer and reacted with it to generate high melting point rod-shaped Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2 apatite and m-ZrO2 phases, which can effectively hinder further diffusion of CFAS melt, resulting in a slow increase in corrosion depth with corrosion time. After 30 h of CFAS corrosion at 1673 K, the corrosion depth of the LZO ceramic wafer was only 160.3 μm, demonstrating its excellent high-temperature resistance to CFAS corrosion.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6069-1
High-speed railway (HSR) bridge piers in high-altitude areas frequently face the challenge of early-age thermal cracking. This study employed numerical simulation methods to analyze the early-age temperature field, deformation field, and cracking risk of HSR bridge piers, considering three factors: binder content, cement types, and formwork types. The results show that the cracking risk slightly increases with a higher content of cementitious materials. However, this risk can be mitigated by selecting cements with lower heat of hydration and formwork materials with higher thermal conductivity. A variable termed “representative temperature rise for unit concrete” was proposed to integrate these three factors and comprehensively reflect the inherent thermal property of the pier. Subsequently, three linear regression models for predicting the demolding age of HSR bridge piers were established. These models empower engineers to determine the earliest feasible time for formwork removal without the need for complex computational analyses.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6076-2
Sb2S3 films are susceptible to the formation of nanogap defects during the crystallization process, leading to their experimental power conversion efficiency (PCE) falling significantly short of the theoretical limit. This investigation presents, a groundbreaking Sb2S3 photovoltaic device model that integrates perovskite within these nanogaps, and systematically examines the mechanisms for enhancing the PCE. Our findings reveal that incorporating perovskite within the nanogaps yields a 10% enhancement in optical absorption performance. Furthermore, perovskite nanogaps function as effective electron transport channels, significantly reducing the recombination of photogenerated carriers within the highly defective Sb2S3. The dimensions and arrangement of the nanochannels play a pivotal role in determining device performance, with optimal measurements of 5 nm in width and 15 nm in spacing. Additionally, this study examines the universality of the nanochannel structure. The projected PCE of this innovative structure is an impressive 25.40%. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance for designing high-efficiency Sb2S3 solar cells.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6047-7
The present investigation introduces a composite frequency selective Rasorber (CFSR) that demonstrates a wide −1 dB transmission band, two high absorption bands with absorptivity higher than 90%, and large oblique incidence angles up to 60°. The CFSR consists of four functional layers separated by three dielectric slabs, which includes lossless metasurface-Ⅰ (MS-Ⅰ), loss metasurface-Ⅱ (MS-Ⅱ), loss metasurface-Ⅲ (MS-Ⅲ), and a three-dimensional metastructure (3D-MS). MS-Ⅰ functions as a reflector for two absorption bands with a minimal insertion loss transmission window. MS-Ⅱ is designed for high-frequency absorption. MS-Ⅲ serves as a low-frequency absorption layer for CFSR and an impedance matching layer for MS-Ⅱ. The design methodologies for the transmission window in MS-III and the introduction of 3D-MS are key to achieving high-performance CFSR. The physical mechanisms of CFSR are explained through equivalent circuit model (ECM) analysis and impedance characterization. Finally, measurement results confirm that the proposed CFSR exhibits a −1 dB transmission band ranging from 8.79 to 10.41 GHz with a minimum insertion loss of 0.44 dB at 9.59 GHz; furthermore, the frequency range where reflection coefficient remains below −10 dB is measured to be between 3.33 and 18.00 GHz, aligning well with simulation outcomes.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3225-4
The effects of direct aging (DA) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2/AlSi7Mg alloys fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) were systematically investigated. DA significantly improves strength while maintaining satisfactory ductility. Optimal performance is obtained through under-aging (UA) at 150°C for 4 h, resulting in a yield strength of 361 MPa, tensile strength of 503 MPa, and elongation of 9.1% in the horizontal direction. DA does not substantially alter the grain size or cellular structure but promotes the formation of nanoprecipitates within the α-Al matrix. Specifically, UA induces dot-like and needle-like Si precipitates, whereas over-aging (OA) additionally generates short rod-like β'-Mg1.8Si phases. The strengthening mechanism is attributed to the Hall–Petch effect associated with grain and cell boundaries, and the Orowan mechanism induced by nanoprecipitates. Work-hardening behavior is governed by interactions between dislocations and nanoprecipitates. The OA sample exhibits rapid saturation of work hardening due to a high initial hardening rate and dynamic recovery of dislocations, resulting in limited uniform elongation. In contrast, the UA sample demonstrates a more balanced work hardening response. These findings provide theoretical and experimental validation of DA as an effective post-processing approach aimed at enhancing the performance of LPBF Al–Si–Mg alloys in engineering applications.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3257-9
A series of as-cast SixAl0.43CoCrFeNi2.1 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) was successfully fabricated by vacuum-assisted melting. The phase constituents, microstructural features, and mechanical properties (including hardness, tensile behavior, and wear behavior) of alloys with various Si contents were evaluated. The results revealed that the addition of Si promoted the precipitation of a body-centered cubic 1 (BCC1) phase enriched in Al, Ni, and Si with a B2-ordered structure. Furthermore, the secondary BCC2 phase was enriched with Cr, Fe, and Si precipitates within the BCC1 matrix. Ultimately, a multiphase face-centered cubic (FCC)/(BCC1/BCC2) structure was formed. The microstructural evolution driven by Si addition significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the SixAl0.43CoCrFeNi2.1 HEAs. As the Si content increased, the microhardness and tensile strength improved by approximately 42% and 55%, reaching 2.359 GPa and 785 MPa, respectively. The quantitative evaluation of the various strengthening mechanisms indicated that the intrinsic hardness of the FCC matrix and hardening due to BCC1/BCC2 precipitation dominated the overall microhardness. The comparison of the energy barriers indicates that BCC2 primarily strengthens the alloy through a shear mechanism rather than an Orowan bypass mechanism. Furthermore, with increasing Si content, reduced friction and wear, together with smoother worn surfaces, reflect a greatly enhanced wear resistance. After the optimal cold-rolling and 1 h annealing at 800°C, the Si0.3Al0.43CoCrFeNi2.1 alloy showed 56% and 62% increases in microhardness and tensile strength, respectively, compared to the as-cast state, reaching 3.68 GPa and 1270 MPa. The enhanced mechanical properties are attributed to the synergistic effects of residual strain hardening by FCC ordering and L12/BCC precipitation strengthening.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3132-8
To study the use of a shaft support for the auxiliary shaft of the Xi’anshan Iron Mine, in high-stress strata at a depth between 900 and 1000 m, a new type of mold was developed using the physical similarity model test method, based on the similarity theory, and an experimental model of the shaft lining and surrounding rock was poured. Two sets of large-scale destructive tests were conducted on the shaft lining and surrounding rock. The deformation and failure laws of the shaft lining and surrounding rock under high ground stress and their ultimate horizontal bearing capacity characteristics were studied, and the safety support characteristics of the shaft lining under the interaction of the shaft lining and surrounding rock were obtained. An experimental study demonstrated that the axial pressure on the shaft wall directly affected its ultimate horizontal bearing capacity of the shaft wall. In designing the shaft wall, the influence of the axial pressure on the stress state of the concrete should be considered, and the vertical pressure should be modified to optimize the utilization of the three-dimensional compressive strength of the concrete. The reliability of the 400-mm C30 concrete shaft wall at a depth of 1000 m in the actual project was verified, and the ultimate horizontal bearing capacity of the shaft wall was obtained for a depth of 1000 m.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3138-2
TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications. However, the presence of impurity gases (such as O2, CO, CO2, and CH4) has a considerable impact on the hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of TiFe alloys, drastically limiting their practical application in hydrogen storage. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the hydrogen absorption kinetics and cycling performance of the TiFe0.9 alloy in the presence of common impurity gases (including CH4, CO, CO2, and O2) and determined the corresponding poisoning mechanisms. Specifically, we found that CH4 did not react with the alloy but acted through physical coverage. In contrast, CO and CO2 occupy the active sites for H2, significantly impeding the dissociation and absorption of H2. In addition, O2 reacts directly with the alloy to form a passivating layer that prevents hydrogen absorption. These findings were further corroborated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT). The relationship between the adsorption energies of the impurity gases and hydrogen obtained through DFT calculations complements the experimental results. Understanding these poisoning behaviors is crucial for designing Ti-based high-entropy hydrogen storage alloy alloys with enhanced resistance to poisoning.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3269-5
Low-concentration coal mine methane (LC-CMM), which is predominantly composed of methane, serves as a clean and low-carbon energy resource with significant potential for utilization. Utilizing LC-CMM as fuel for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) represents an efficient and promising strategy for its effective utilization. However, direct application in Ni-based anodes induces carbon deposition, which severely degrades cell performance. Herein, a medium-entropy oxide Sr2FeNi0.1Cr0.3Mn0.3Mo0.3O6−δ (SFNCMM) was developed as an anode internal reforming catalyst. Following reduction treatment, FeNi3 nano-alloy particles precipitate on the surface of the material, thereby significantly enhancing its catalytic activity for LC-CMM reforming process. The catalyst achieved a methane conversion rate of 53.3%, demonstrating excellent catalytic performance. Electrochemical evaluations revealed that SFNCMM-Gd0.1Ce0.9O2−δ (GDC) with a weight ratio of 7:3 exhibited superior electrochemical performance when employed as the anodic catalytic layer. With H2 and LC-CMM as fuels, the single cell achieved maximum power densities of 1467.32 and 1116.97 mW·cm−2 at 800°C, respectively, with corresponding polarization impedances of 0.17 and 1.35 Ω·cm2. Furthermore, the single cell maintained stable operation for over 100 h under LC-CMM fueling without significant carbon deposition, confirming its robust resistance to carbon formation. These results underscore the potential of medium-entropy oxides as highly effective catalytic layers for mitigating carbon deposition in SOFCs.