• Discovery of one-dimensional charged domain walls in ferroelectric ZrO2, achieving atomic-scale confinement.
• Fluorite-structured ferroelectrics enable 1D CDWs due to weakly interacting polar layers separated by nonpolar spacers.
• This breakthrough overcomes the dimensional limitations of perovskite ferroelectrics, enabling higher integration density.
• The findings open new avenues for domain wall nanoelectronics with ultimate miniaturization.