Multifunctional and Scalable Nanoparticles for Bimodal Image-Guided Phototherapy in Bladder Cancer Treatment

• PPBC LNPs integrate photodynamic and photothermal therapy with autophagy blockage, effectively inducing bladder cancer cell death. • The nanoparticles enable bimodal photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging, allowing high-resolution, deep-tissue tracking of drug biodistribution and therapeutic response. • Two doses of PPBC LNPs combined with laser treatment led to complete ablation of several bladder tumors, demonstrating potent antitumor efficacy. • Formulated with lipid excipients via microfluidics, PPBC LNPs exhibit excellent biocompatibility, stability, and scalability, supporting clinical translation.