Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• 3D perovskitoid Pb2CuGly2X4 single crystals with face-/edge-shared inorganic skeleton and CuGly2 pillars achieve a high ion migration activation energy of 1.06 eV, effectively suppressing ion migration. • The Pb2CuGly2Cl4 SC X-ray detector exhibits extremely low dark current drift (1.20 × 10–9 nA mm−1 s−1 V−1) under high electric field and continuous X-ray irradiation, ensuring high operating stability. • A high sensitivity of 9,250 μC Gy−1 cm−2 is achieved, surpassing many existing perovskite X-ray detectors. • The Pb2CuGly2Cl4 nanocrystals are water-dispersible and can be blade-coated on TFT arrays, enabling X-ray imaging with a spatial resolution of 2.2 lp mm−1, demonstrating practical applicability.
Abstract
Although three-dimensional metal halide perovskites are promising candidates for direct X-ray detection, the ion migration of perovskites seriously affects the detector stability. Herein, face-/edge-shared 3D heterometallic glycinate hybrid perovskitoid Pb2CuGly2X4 (Gly = -O2C-CH2-NH2; X = Cl, Br) single crystals (SCs), in which the adjacent lead halide layers are linked by large-sized Cu(Gly)2 pillars, are synthesized in water. The Cu(Gly)2 pillars in combination with face-/edge-shared inorganic skeleton are found able to synergistically suppress the ion migration, delivering a high ion migration activation energy (Ea) of 1.06 eV. The Pb2CuGly2Cl4 SC X-ray detector displays extremely low dark current drift of 1.20 × 10–9 nA mm−1 s−1 V−1 under high electric field (120 V mm−1) and continuous X-ray irradiation (2.86 Gy), and a high sensitivity of 9,250 μC Gy−1 cm−2 is also achieved. More excitingly, the Pb2CuGly2Cl4 nanocrystal can be easily dispersed in water and directly blade-coated on thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate, and the obtained Pb2CuGly2Cl4-based TFT array detector offers an X-ray imaging capability with spatial resolution of 2.2 lp mm−1.
1. Introduction
X-ray detection, as an efficient nondestructive technique, has been widely applied in various fields such as industrial inspection, medical diagnosis, security checks and homeland defense [1]. The lead halide perovskites, as emerging but efficient photovoltaic materials, have more potential in assembling next-generation cost-effective and highly sensitive X-ray detector due to their high X-ray attenuation coefficient, high defect tolerance, large carrier mobility–lifetime product (μτ), diverse dimensions and facile preparation process as well as inexpensive raw materials.
Three-dimensional (3D) perovskite single crystals (SCs) including methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3), methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) and formamidine lead iodide (FAPbI3) have been successfully synthesized to manufacture SC-based X-ray detectors [2–8], and for instance, the high sensitivity of 3D perovskite SC-based X-ray detector has been realized, displaying more than three orders of magnitude higher than that of commercial α-Se-based detector [9, 10]. However, the conventional 3D perovskite SCs are ionic compounds, and they are prone to ion migration under applied electric field [11]. This phenomenon will cause the baseline drift so as to the instability of response signals, which largely hampers the long-term operating stability of detectors, thereby limiting their commercial application [12].
Based on this situation, various strategies including device architecture optimization [10, 13], regulation of the quality of perovskite SCs [6, 8, 11, 14], interface passivation [7] and heterojunction design [9, 15, 16] have been proposed to inhibit the ion migration in perovskites, but the derived dark current drift of 3D perovskite SCs under large electric field still remains a daunting challenge. Therefore, the crystal structure design of perovskite materials is a fundamental method...
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Zimin Zhang, Xiaoli Wang, Huayang Li, Dong Li, Yang Zhang, Nan Shen, Xue-Feng Yu, Yucheng Liu, Shengzhong Liu, Haomin Song, Yanliang Liu, Xingzhu Wang, Shi Chen (2025). Face-/Edge-Shared 3D Perovskitoid Single Crystals with Suppressed Ion Migration for Stable X-Ray Detector. Nano-Micro Letters. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01788-z
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main challenge in 3D perovskite X-ray detectors?
The main challenge is ion migration under applied electric field, which causes baseline drift and instability of response signals, hampering long-term operating stability.
How does the Pb2CuGly2X4 structure suppress ion migration?
The face-/edge-shared inorganic skeleton combined with large Cu(Gly)2 pillars synergistically suppresses ion migration, achieving a high activation energy of 1.06 eV.
What are the key performance metrics of the Pb2CuGly2Cl4 SC X-ray detector?
It exhibits an extremely low dark current drift of 1.20 × 10–9 nA mm−1 s−1 V−1 under 120 V mm−1 and continuous X-ray irradiation, and a high sensitivity of 9,250 μC Gy−1 cm−2.
Can the Pb2CuGly2Cl4 nanocrystals be used for X-ray imaging?
Yes, the nanocrystals are water-dispersible and can be blade-coated on TFT arrays, enabling X-ray imaging with a spatial resolution of 2.2 lp mm−1.
What is the significance of this work for practical applications?
This work demonstrates a stable and sensitive X-ray detector with suppressed ion migration, offering a promising approach for cost-effective and reliable X-ray imaging in medical and industrial applications.
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