Model experimental study on the safety characteristics of surrounding rock supports in deep wells

• A novel physical similarity model test method was developed to simulate deep shaft lining and surrounding rock behavior under high ground stress. • Axial pressure on the shaft wall significantly influences its ultimate horizontal bearing capacity, necessitating consideration in design. • The 400-mm C30 concrete shaft wall at 1000 m depth was verified as reliable, with its ultimate horizontal bearing capacity determined. • The study provides a theoretical basis for safe design of deep shafts by analyzing deformation and failure patterns under realistic stress conditions.