Phase composition of slag−iron interface and elemental distribution behavior between hot metal and Ti-bearing electric furnace slags

• Increasing basicity decreases TiO2 and SiO2 activities in slag but increases V2O3 and Cr2O3 activities, affecting elemental distribution. • Higher basicity improves recovery efficiencies of vanadium and titanium, but reduces distribution ratios for Ti and Si. • Primary slag phases are anosovite, diopside, and titanium spinel; perovskite formation is suppressed when basicity exceeds 0.8. • Optimal basicity for smelting is ≤0.8 to avoid perovskite phase and ensure efficient slag-iron separation.