Academic Research Journal•2026•DOI: 10.26599/NR.2026.94908775
Flexible sensors have advanced rapidly to achieve skin-like multisensory capabilities, yet their performance is compromised by strain disturbances and multi-parameter interactions, impeding widespread deployment. Here, we report a flexible fibrous device with a patterned cellular structure enabling anti-strain interference, dual-parameter measurement, and static/dynamic detection. The patterned cellular fibrous structure achieves a heterogenous strain distribution that preserves sensing performance under 10% strain. The sensor integrates a piezoresistive component for low-frequency mechanical stimuli and a thermoelectric response to calibrate temperature-induced resistance changes. A hybrid piezoresistive/piezoelectric sensing platform was experimentally implemented for static pressure persistence and high-frequency acoustic excitation from 0 to 300 Hz. The hybrid tactile sensing achieved the highest material identification accuracy of 98.6%. This work provides valuable proposals to resolve practical constraints in flexible sensor applications, compelling advantages for broader wearable integration.
Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials (含能材料)•2026•DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026125
Underwater blasting is indispensable for marine engineering, yet its shock waves can damage reef-building corals. This study investigated the physiological damage to Cyphastrea japonica holobiont from underwater explosion shock waves, examining coral host, symbiotic zooxanthellae, and microbiota. The coral's tolerance threshold was 6.74 MPa. Protein content decreased with increasing shock wave intensity, with a maximum reduction of 59.6%. At 11.01 MPa, zooxanthellae density dropped by 87% and photosynthetic rate by 49%, causing significant bleaching. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities significantly decreased, indicating impaired antioxidant defense. Microbial community diversity at the phylum level increased significantly, and genus-level structure became more complex. The study reveals a stepwise damage pathway from host to zooxanthellae photosynthesis to microbial community, providing scientific basis for coral protection during marine blasting.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.105
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a transformative technology enabling direct communication between the brain and external devices, offering unprecedented opportunities for restoring motor function in paralyzed individuals and enhancing human-computer interaction. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in BCI technology, focusing on neural signal acquisition, signal processing algorithms, and diverse applications. We systematically analyze invasive and non-invasive recording modalities, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocorticography (ECoG), and intracortical microelectrode arrays, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The review delves into state-of-the-art signal processing techniques, such as adaptive filtering, common spatial patterns, and deep learning-based classification, which have significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of BCI systems. Furthermore, we explore the expanding landscape of BCI applications, ranging from assistive communication and motor rehabilitation to cognitive enhancement and neurofeedback therapy. Critical challenges, including signal non-stationarity, user variability, and long-term stability, are discussed alongside emerging solutions such as hybrid BCI architectures and closed-loop adaptive systems. By integrating findings from recent studies and clinical trials, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the future of BCI technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and real-world clinical adoption. Our analysis underscores the potential of BCIs to revolutionize neurorehabilitation and human augmentation, while also addressing ethical and societal implications. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers seeking to understand the current state and future directions of brain-computer interface technology.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has revolutionized surgical practice by reducing patient trauma and recovery time. However, current robotic systems face limitations in dexterity, haptic feedback, and autonomous decision-making, particularly in complex anatomical environments. This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed to enhance surgical precision and autonomy. The system integrates a macro-scale robotic arm with a micro-scale continuum manipulator, enabling precise manipulation across different scales. A hierarchical control architecture combines model-based and learning-based approaches to achieve adaptive motion planning and real-time obstacle avoidance. The system also incorporates a multi-modal sensing framework that fuses visual, force, and proximity data to provide comprehensive situational awareness. Experimental validation in phantom and ex-vivo models demonstrates significant improvements in task completion time, accuracy, and consistency compared to conventional techniques. The system successfully performed complex tasks such as suturing and tissue dissection with reduced error rates. The results indicate that the proposed system can effectively enhance surgical performance, paving the way for more autonomous and intelligent surgical robots. Future work will focus on in-vivo trials and integration with augmented reality interfaces.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that profoundly influences disease progression and therapeutic response. In this study, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis of HCC using transcriptomic, genomic, and epigenetic data from public databases and our own cohort. We characterized the immune cell infiltration patterns and identified distinct TME subtypes associated with differential prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and machine learning, we constructed a prognostic signature based on TME-related genes, which robustly predicted overall survival in multiple independent cohorts. Furthermore, we explored the interplay between TME, somatic mutations, and copy number variations, revealing potential biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings highlight the clinical significance of TME heterogeneity in HCC and provide a foundation for personalized treatment strategies. The prognostic model and immune-related biomarkers may facilitate risk stratification and guide immunotherapeutic decisions in HCC patients.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.105
Brain tumor segmentation from multimodal MRI is crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning. In this study, we propose a novel deep learning framework that integrates structural and functional imaging modalities to improve segmentation accuracy. Our method employs a multi-scale attention mechanism and a hybrid loss function to handle class imbalance and boundary ambiguity. Evaluated on the BraTS benchmark, our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance, with Dice scores of 0.91, 0.87, and 0.84 for whole tumor, core, and enhancing tumor, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate the generalizability of our model across different scanners and protocols. Our findings suggest that the proposed method can significantly aid clinical decision-making and surgical planning.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058
This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed for autonomous surgical intervention in dynamic environments. The system integrates advanced perception, planning, and control algorithms to enable precise manipulation in minimally invasive procedures. Key contributions include a hierarchical control architecture, real-time adaptive trajectory planning, and a robust force feedback mechanism. Experimental validation in simulated and in-vivo settings demonstrates significant improvements in accuracy, safety, and operational efficiency compared to conventional methods. The proposed framework addresses critical challenges in surgical robotics, paving the way for broader clinical adoption.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066
Background: Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising tool in precision oncology, yet its clinical utility remains underexplored. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study integrating multi-omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) from 1,200 cancer patients to construct digital twin models. Results: The digital twin models accurately predicted treatment responses (AUC=0.89) and identified novel biomarkers for early detection. Integration of multi-omics improved prognostic accuracy by 23% compared to single-omics approaches. Conclusions: Digital twin technology, when integrated with multi-omics data, significantly enhances precision oncology by enabling personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.002
To address the deviation between rigid confining pressure experiments and actual engineering conditions of deep backfill mining, where backfill near the working face has less confining pressure, while that in deep goaf areas is under high confining pressure, this study investigates the load-bearing characteristics of rock granular materials under flexible passive confining pressure. Customized PC molds with varying wall thicknesses and rigid steel molds were used to construct a gradient confining pressure environment. Compression tests were conducted, combined with the characterization of acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, strain measurement, particle sieving, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. The results show that flexible passive confining pressure divides the particle compression process into three stages that are different from those under traditional rigid constraints, namely the initial compaction stage, the crushing failure stage, and the lateral confinement-dominated stage. AE signals exhibit a bimodal energy distribution, and the time interval between the two can vary by more than 4 times with changes. The failure modes transition from shear to tension. Compared with intact materials, granular materials under lateral confinement maintain continuous volume contraction, and can even maintain a continuous volume contraction trend at least when the strain reaches 8%. And lateral confinement stiffness significantly enhances axial bearing capacity: when the axial strain reaches 30%, the axial stress in the rigid confinement group is nearly 5 times that in the flexible confinement group. Fractal dimension increases from 1.94 to 2.39 as the confinement stiffness rises. This study clarifies the influence mechanism of lateral confinement stiffness on granular mechanics, providing fundamental support for optimizing backfill design based on goaf locations and improving surrounding rock control in deep green mining.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.006
Quantifying two-phase fluid flow in fractured rocks is essential for resource reutilization in abandoned mines, subsurface energy recovery and underground waste isolation. This study develops a mathematical framework for predicting the permeability of rough fracture networks by integrating fractal geometry with single-phase and two-phase seepage theory. A permeability model for rough fracture networks is first established, and its sensitivity to key geometric parameters is analyzed. A second model is then formulated to relate water-phase saturation to measurable variables, enabling the estimation of two-phase permeability from Reynolds number and aperture. Model predictions show deviations of less than 10% from numerical simulations for both single-phase and two-phase flow, demonstrating the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach. The results highlight the dominant roles of fracture number, tortuosity and aperture in controlling permeability, as well as the influence of flow regimes on relative permeability. The proposed framework provides a practical and physically based method for analyzing multiphase seepage in fractured rock and offers a foundation for further applications to field-scale fractured systems.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020057
Integrated silicon photonics has emerged as a transformative technology for post-Moore's law computing, offering intrinsic advantages of high bandwidth, ultralow latency, and low energy consumption that far exceed traditional electronic computing architectures. As artificial intelligence (AI) models continue to grow in complexity and scale, the demand for high-speed, energy-efficient computing has spurred intensive research into photonic computing as a promising alternative to electronic accelerators. Matrix multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations, the core of deep learning and combinatorial optimization algorithms, are particularly amenable to photonic implementation, as light enables parallel multiplication and accumulation with minimal data movement. However, the practical application of photonic computing has long been hindered by critical challenges including large-scale integration of photonic components, electro-optical co-packaging, guaranteed computation accuracy of analog photonic systems, and compatibility with mainstream AI models and algorithms. Recently, two groundbreaking studies published back-to-back in Nature have achieved pivotal breakthroughs in addressing these bottlenecks, demonstrating large-scale integrated photonic accelerators with ultralow latency for combinatorial optimization and universal AI computing capabilities for state-of-the-art neural networks. The two works represent the most advanced level of photonic computing hardware implementation to date, validating the feasibility of photonic accelerators as a competitive alternative to electronic AI chips and marking a critical step toward the commercialization of integrated photonic computing technology.
China Foundry•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5127-5
Precipitation strengthening is an effective strengthening strategy widely utilized in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with a single-phased face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. In recent research works, reinforcing phase adopted are mostly focused on equiaxed or nearly equiaxed structures (e.g., spherical, cubic, and rod-like), while relatively rare studies on the strengthening effects of needle-like precipitates with large aspect ratios. The η-D024 phase, like the L12 strengthening phase most commonly used in fcc-structured HEAs, features an ordered Ni3Ti-type structure and also exhibits a comparable strengthening effect. However, since the η phase often co-precipitates with other precipitates in alloy system, the strengthening effect of the sole η-D024 phase in fcc-structured alloys remains to be further explored. In this study, microstructural evolution, phase transformation, and mechanical behaviors of a non-equiatomic Fe27Ni27Co26Cu10Ti10 HEA were systematically investigated. Results show that following high-temperature heat treatment, the microstructure of the studied HEA transforms from a combination of the fcc, L12, Cu-rich, and η phases in the as-cast state to a fcc+η structure in the heat-treated state. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the heat-treated HEA are significantly improved, with a total elongation increasing from approximately 0.9% to 7.5%. The enhanced ductility of the heat-treated alloy can be attributed to the strong hindering effect of numerous needle-like η phase at the grain boundaries, which restricts crack propagation and dislocation movement. This study develops a novel η-strengthened FeNiCoCuTi HEA, expanding the selection of available reinforcing phases in fcc-structured alloys and providing valuable insights into the phase transformation and strengthening effect of the η-D024 phase.
China Foundry•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5154-x
AE81 magnesium alloy castings for electric vehicle battery module ends were fabricated using high pressure die casting (HPDC). Effects of filling behavior and solidification sequence on the spatial distribution of microstructure and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The results indicate that along the flow path toward the overflow gate, the area fraction of externally solidified crystals (ESCs) gradually decreases, and the average grain size becomes finer, resulting in a slight increase in yield strength. In addition, the pores’ volume fraction significantly affects ductility and tensile strength, with the gate region exhibiting the highest porosity (0.74%) and thus the lowest elongation (4.3%) and ultimate tensile strength (218 MPa). In other regions, the porosity decreases to 0.33%-0.39%, resulting in increased elongation (6%-7%) and higher ultimate tensile strength (235-242 MPa). Analysis of the microstructure-property relationship reveals that the yield strength follows the Hall-Petch relationship, while elongation and tensile strength are negatively correlated with pore volume fraction. This finding elucidates the mechanism behind the formation of performance gradients in HPDC magnesium alloys and provides a theoretical basis for the design of lightweight components in new energy vehicles.
China Foundry•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5024-y
Abstract: The unique crystallographic lamellar microstructure (CLM) Ni-based superalloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibits excellent tensile properties. This study aims to investigate CLM’s high-temperature stress rupture behavior and use these findings to improve the additive manufacturing process. The result shows that the high temperature-induced intergranular fracture in <110> grain region is responsible for stress rupture failure under both conditions of 760 °C/780 MPa and 980 °C/260 MPa. Among them, the sub-grain boundary fracture occurs only under high temperature and low stress, 980 °C/260 MPa. Due to the severe intergranular fracture induced by stray grains, the stress rupture life is very low under both conditions. According to the finite element simulation, the formation of stray grains stems from the unstable heat flow within the melt pool during the process. In addition, the shorter stress rupture lifetime does not excite a more pronounced dislocation network around the γ′ phase. However, the deformation twins can still be activated inside the <110> grains, so it has excellent plasticity under both test conditions. Finally, this work indicates that the future optimization of CLM by LPBF should focus on eliminating of high-angle grain boundaries in <110> grains.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02006-6
Pb–Sn mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are crucial components for realizing efficient all-perovskite tandem devices. However, their efficiency and stability are severely limited by oxidative degradation (Sn4+ formation) and metallic defects (Sn0/Pb0). In addition, the rapid and uncontrolled Sn2+ nucleation kinetics result in nonuniform crystallization. Herein, we introduce a natural redox shuttle glutathione (GSH) in Pb–Sn mixed PSCs, achieving regenerable antioxidation and crystallization regulation simultaneously. The reversible redox reactions between GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) enable the self-healing of Sn4+ and Sn0/Pb0 impurities, creating a regenerable antioxidation protective shell at the perovskite interfaces. Meanwhile, the strong coordination between GSH and perovskite regulates the crystallization process, optimizing the nucleation and crystallization kinetics. Furthermore, the GSH incorporation creates a high-quality charge separation junction at the perovskite/hole transport layer, facilitating carrier separation and extraction. The optimized Pb–Sn PSCs exhibit impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 23.71%. The champion all-perovskite tandem PSCs with GSH achieve a PCE of 28.49% and retain 90% of the initial PCE after 560 h of continuous illumination. This work establishes a new nature-inspired redox shuttling strategy and elucidates its working mechanism, advancing the development of efficient and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02001-x
The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications, particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity. Herein, we present an innovative approach to fabricate biomimetic gradient lubrication hydrogel through the synergistic integration of three-dimensional (3D) printed metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticle network hydrogel skeletons with bio-inspired lubrication design. Specifically, robust hydrogel skeletons were engineered through single or multi-material 3D printing, followed by the in situ growth of MOFs nanoparticles within this hydrogel network to create a reinforced, load-bearing architecture. Subsequently, biomimetic lubrication capability was enabled by mechanically coupling another lubricating hydrogel within 3D-printed MOFs nanoparticle network hydrogel skeleton. The superficial layer is highly lubricious to ensure low coefficient of friction (~ 0.1141) and wear resistance (40,000 cycles), while the deeper layer is stiffer to afford the obligatory mechanical support (fracture strength ~ 2.50 MPa). Furthermore, the gradient architecture stiffness of the hydrogel can be modulated by manipulating the spatial distribution of MOFs within the 3D-printed hydrogel skeleton. As a proof-of-concept, biomimetic gradient hydrogel meniscus structures with C- and O-shaped configurations were constructed by leveraging multi-material 3D printing, demonstrating exceptional lubrication performance. This innovative biomimetic design opens new avenues for creating implantable biomedical gradient lubricating materials with reinforced mechanical and lubrication performance.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01993-w
With the escalating demand for safe, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems, hydrogel electrolytes have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional liquid electrolytes in zinc-ion batteries. By integrating the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the mechanical robustness of solid frameworks, hydrogel electrolytes offer distinct advantages in suppressing zinc dendrite formation, enhancing interfacial stability, and enabling reliable operation under extreme environmental conditions. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental characteristics and design criteria of hydrogel electrolytes, including mechanical flexibility, ionic transport capabilities, and environmental adaptability. It further explores various compositional design strategies involving natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and composite systems, as well as the incorporation of electrolyte salts and functional additives. In addition, recent advances in functional optimization, such as anti-freezing properties, self-healing abilities, thermal responsiveness, and biocompatibility, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the review outlines the current challenges and proposes potential directions for future research.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6272-8
The development of coalbed methane in China is constrained by complex geological conditions characterized by low permeability, low saturation, low reservoir pressure, and high adsorption ("three lows and one high"), posing significant challenges to its efficient development. The liquid nitrogen-induced fracturing and permeability enhancement technology can effectively promote the expansion and connection of macroscopic and microscopic fractures, thereby improving the permeability of coal seams. In this study, industrial micro-CT scanning technology, the VRA-UNet method, and fractal dimension calculation methods are employed to conduct an in-depth analysis of the action mechanism of liquid nitrogen cold soaking on the fracture structure of coal bodies with different metamorphism degrees. The results indicate that liquid nitrogen cold soaking promotes the generation, expansion, and connection of new fractures inside coal bodies to form fracture networks. Via Matlab programming and VG Studio MAX image analysis software, fracture extraction and calculation are performed on CT-scanned coal samples; it is statistically found that the quantitative fracture indices of coal increase after liquid nitrogen cold soaking. Compared with the fracture spectrum peak proportions of raw coal samples, the fracture spectrum peak proportions of anthracite, bituminous coal, and lignite increase by 8.375%, 12.680%, and 79.939%, respectively after liquid nitrogen cold soaking. By combining the VRA-UNet method for coal fracture identification, the box-counting method is used to calculate that the fractal dimension of coal fractures after liquid nitrogen cold soaking is larger than that of raw coal samples. The research findings of this paper will provide theoretical and technical support for the efficient development of coalbed methane and the improvement of coal seam gas extraction rates.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6261-y
To mitigate the detrimental effects of sulfur and enhance the enrichment efficiency of valuable elements in desulfurized diasporic bauxite, the effects of CaO dosage, caustic alkali concentration, reaction temperature and time on the digestion behavior of alumina, sulfur and gallium were illustrated, and the digestion thermodynamics and mechanism were also revealed. During the high-temperature Bayer process, alumina and gallium were digested synergistically, while pyrite was digested to S2− and SO42−. Appropriate CaO dosage promotes the digestion of alumina and gallium, and facilitates the precipitation of sulfur as calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate, effectively removing sulfur from the solution. Excess CaO leads to the formation of hydrogarnet, wherein Ga3+ incorporates into the crystal lattice by substituting for Al3+, reducing the digestion efficiency of gallium. Under the optimum conditions (CaO dosage of 3%, reaction temperature of 260 ℃, reaction time of 60 min, caustic alkali concentration of 260 g/L), the corresponding alumina and gallium digestion efficiencies reach 90.82% and 77.58%, respectively, with a significantly reduced sulfur concentration of 1.32 g/L in the solution. This work provides theoretical guidance for the efficient co-extraction of alumina and gallium from high-sulfur bauxite via the Bayer process.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6176-7
Hard tissue repair materials that balance high strength with low modulus are highly promising, representing a transformative focus in applied biomaterials research. In this study, Ti-Nb alloys with high performance are prepared by a low-cost process for orthopedic applications. Phase composition, modulus, compressive strength and recovery properties are effectively manipulated by tailoring trace amounts of interstitial oxygen. With increasing oxygen concentration in sintered Ti-Nb alloys, the β (body centered cubic) phase was stabilized due to the lattice distortion. The elastic modulus declined from 91 to 24 GPa. The compressive strength slightly decreased from 1595 to 1404 MPa and yield strength increased from 760 to 904 MPa. Additionally, the recovery properties were enhanced by the interstitial oxygen as a shape memory alloy. The utilization of trace oxygen serves to modulate the thermoelastic martensitic transformation in Ti-Nb alloys, thereby obtaining appropriate mechanical properties. A notable reduction in modulus is achieved while maintaining high strength, which facilitates the development of orthopedic implants capable of withstanding more complex forces.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01828-8
The therapeutic efficacy of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and apoptosis is hindered by inadequate intracellular copper and iron levels, hypoxia, and elevated glutathione (GSH) expression in tumor cells. Thermoelectric technology is an emerging frontier in medical therapy that aims to achieve efficient thermal and electrical transport characteristics within a narrow thermal range for biological systems. Here, we systematically constructed biodegradable Cu2MnS3-x-PEG/glucose oxidase (MCPG) with sulfur vacancies (SV) using photothermoelectric catalysis (PTEC), photothermal-enhanced enzyme catalysis, and starvation therapy. This triggers GSH consumption and disrupts intracellular redox homeostasis, leading to immunogenic cell death. Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, MCPG enriched with SV, owing to doping, generates a local temperature gradient that activates PTEC and produces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydroxyl radicals and oxygen are generated through peroxide and catalase-like processes. Increased oxygen levels alleviate tumor hypoxia, whereas hydrogen peroxide production from glycometabolism provides sufficient ROS for a cascade catalytic reaction, establishing a self-reinforcing positive mechanism. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that vacancy defects effectively enhanced enzyme catalytic activity. Multimodal imaging-guided synergistic therapy not only damages tumor cells, but also elicits an antitumor immune response to inhibit tumor metastasis. This study offers novel insights into the cuproptosis/ferroptosis/apoptosis pathways of Cu-based PTEC nanozymes.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01798-x
Creating strongly coupled heterostructures with favorable catalytic activities is crucial for promoting the performance of catalytic reactions, especially those involve multiple intermediates. Herein, we fabricated a strongly coupled platinum/molybdenum nitrides nanocluster heterostructure on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Pt/Mo₂N–NrGO) for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. The well-defined Pt-containing Anderson-type polyoxometalates promote strong interfacial Pt–N–Mo bonding in Pt/Mo2N–NrGO, which exhibits a remarkably low overpotential, high mass activity, and exceptional long-term durability (> 500 h at 1500 mA cm⁻2) in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE). Operando Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory reveal that pronounced electronic coupling at the Pt/Mo₂N cluster interface facilitates the catalytic decomposition of H2O through synergistic stabilization of intermediates (Pt–H* and Mo-OH*), thereby enhancing the kinetics of the rate-determining Volmer step. Techno-economic analysis indicates a levelized hydrogen production cost of $2.02 kg⁻1, meeting the US DOE targets. Our strategy presents a viable pathway to designing next-generation catalysts for industrial AEMWE for green hydrogen production.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01791-4
Conductive hydrogels have garnered widespread attention as a versatile class of flexible electronics. Despite considerable advancements, current methodologies struggle to reconcile the fundamental trade-off between high conductivity and effective absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, as dictated by classical impedance matching theory. This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel synthesis of aramid nanofiber/MXene-reinforced polyelectrolyte hydrogels. Leveraging the unique properties of polyelectrolytes, this innovative approach enhances ionic conductivity and exploits the hydration effect of hydrophilic polar groups to induce the formation of intermediate water. This critical innovation facilitates polarization relaxation and rearrangement in response to electromagnetic fields, thereby significantly enhancing the EMI shielding effectiveness of hydrogels. The electromagnetic wave attenuation capacity of these hydrogels was thoroughly evaluated across both X-band and terahertz band frequencies, with further investigation into the impact of varying water content states—hydrated, dried, and frozen—on their electromagnetic properties. Moreover, the hydrogels exhibited promising capabilities beyond mere EMI shielding; they also served effectively as strain sensors for monitoring human motions, indicating their potential applicability in wearable electronics. This work provides a new approach to designing multifunctional hydrogels, advancing the integration of flexible, multifunctional materials in modern electronics, with potential applications in both EMI shielding and wearable technology.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01755-8
Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics. In this work, we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique, which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the post-sulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films. This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO2/Pt thin-film photocathode, achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen (HC-STH) conversion efficiency of 9.91%. Additionally, the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density (Jph) of 29.44 mA cm−2 (at 0 VRHE) and favorable onset potential (Von) of 0.73 VRHE. Furthermore, our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 mA cm−2 and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56% in natural seawater, followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20% in a CZTS-BiVO4 tandem cell. The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm2 module, highlighting its significant potential for practical, unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4031-3
Columnar to equiaxial crystal transition (CET) is an important technological feature in many casting processes. This work investigated the CET during the solidification of Mg-Gd-Zn alloys by combining synchrotron radiation in-situ imaging and phase-field method. Results show that the grain size, dendrite tip radius, and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) all exponentially decrease with an increase in cooling rate (Vc). The variation in the radius of the dendritic tip is similar to the prediction of the Hunt model, while the variation in the SDAS is close to the Bouchard-Kirkaldy model. It is worth noting that the CET is promoted by a decrease in the temperature gradient (G) and an increase in the cooling rate (Vc). In both equiaxed and columnar crystal regions, the dendrite tip growth rate and solid phase volume fraction increase with increasing G and Vc. In addition, the CET process has been predicted by simulation. The results are consistent with the predictions of the GTK model, which is important for the in-depth study of the dendrite morphology in different crystallization regions. In the final stage, the effects of different critical subcooling degrees and nucleation densities on the CET were explored. The results show that increasing the critical nucleation supercooling degree can inhibit the generation of equiaxial crystals, while increasing the nucleation density helps to promote the CET.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01720-5
The ability to control the electrode interfaces in an electrochemical energy storage system is essential for achieving the desired electrochemical performance. However, achieving this ability requires an in-depth understanding of the detailed interfacial nanostructures of the electrode under electrochemical operating conditions. In-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most powerful techniques for revealing electrochemical energy storage mechanisms with high spatiotemporal resolution and high sensitivity in complex electrochemical environments. These attributes play a unique role in understanding how ion transport inside electrode nanomaterials and across interfaces under the dynamic conditions within working batteries. This review aims to gain an in-depth insight into the latest developments of in-situ TEM imaging techniques for probing the interfacial nanostructures of electrochemical energy storage systems, including atomic-scale structural imaging, strain field imaging, electron holography, and integrated differential phase contrast imaging. Significant examples will be described to highlight the fundamental understanding of atomic-scale and nanoscale mechanisms from employing state-of-the-art imaging techniques to visualize structural evolution, ionic valence state changes, and strain mapping, ion transport dynamics. The review concludes by providing a perspective discussion of future directions of the development and application of in-situ TEM techniques in the field of electrochemical energy storage systems.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01744-x
The commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has garnered worldwide attention and many efforts were devoted on the improvement of efficiency and stability. Here, we estimated the cost effectivities of PSCs based on the current industrial condition. Through the analysis of current process, the manufacturing cost and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of PSCs is estimated as 0.57 $ W−1 and 18–22 US cents (kWh)−1, respectively, and we demonstrate the materials cost shares 70% of the total cost. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the improvement of efficiency, yield and decrease in materials cost significantly reduce the cost of the modules. Analysis of the module cost and LCOE indicates that the PSCs have the potential to outperform the silicon solar cells in the condition of over 25% efficiency and 25-year lifetime in future. To achieve this target, it is essential to further refine the fabrication processes of each layer in the module, develop stable inorganic transport materials, and precisely control material formation and processing at the microscale and nanoscale to enhance charge transport.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01673-9
MAX series materials, as non-van der Waals layered multi-element compounds, contribute remarkable regulated properties and functional dimension, combining the features of metal and ceramic materials due to their inherently laminated crystal structure that Mn+1Xn slabs are intercalated with A element layers. Oriented to the functional requirements of information, intelligence, electrification, and aerospace in the new era, how to accelerate MAX series materials into new quality productive forces? The systematic enhancement of knowledge about MAX series materials is intrinsic to understanding its low-dimensional geometric structure characteristics, and physical and chemical properties, revealing the correlation of composition, structure, and function and further realizing rational design based on simulation and prediction. Diversity also brings complexity to MAX materials research. This review provides substantial tabular information on (I) MAX's research timeline from 1960 to the present, (II) structure diversity and classification convention, (III) synthesis route exploration, (IV) prediction based on theory and machine learning, (V) properties, and (VI) functional applications. Herein, the researchers can quickly locate research content and recognize connections and differences of MAX series materials. In addition, the research challenges for the future development of MAX series materials are highlighted.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01638-4
Magnetic absorbers with high permeability have significant advantages in low-frequency and broadband electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. However, the insufficient magnetic loss and inherent high conductivity of existing magnetic absorbers limit the further expansion of EMW absorption bandwidth. Herein, the spinel (FeCoNiCrCu)3O4 high-entropy oxides (HEO) are successfully constructed on the surface of FeCoNiCr0.4Cu0.2 high-entropy alloys (HEA) through low-temperature oxygen bath treatment. On the one hand, HEO and HEA have different magnetocrystalline anisotropies, which is conducive to achieving continuous natural resonance to improve magnetic loss. On the other hand, HEO with low conductivity can serve as an impedance matching layer, achieving magneto-electric co-modulation. When the thickness is 5 mm, the minimum reflection loss (RL) value and absorption bandwidth (RL < −5 dB) of bi-phase high-entropy composites (BPHEC) can reach −12.8 dB and 633 MHz, respectively. The RCS reduction value of multilayer sample with impedance gradient characteristic can reach 18.34 dB m2. In addition, the BPHEC also exhibits temperature-stable EMW absorption performance, high Curie temperature, and oxidation resistance. The absorption bandwidth maintains between 593 and 691 MHz from −50 to 150 °C. This work offers a new and tunable strategy toward modulating the electromagnetic genes for temperature-stable ultra-broadband megahertz EMW absorption.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01660-0
Compared with Zn2+, the current mainly reported charge carrier for zinc hybrid capacitors, small-hydrated-sized and light-weight NH4+ is expected as a better one to mediate cathodic interfacial electrochemical behaviors, yet has not been unraveled. Here we propose an NH4+-modulated cationic solvation strategy to optimize cathodic spatial charge distribution and achieve dynamic Zn2+/NH4+ co-storage for boosting Zinc hybrid capacitors. Owing to the hierarchical cationic solvated structure in hybrid Zn(CF3SO3)2–NH4CF3SO3 electrolyte, high-reactive Zn2+ and small-hydrate-sized NH4(H2O)4+ induce cathodic interfacial Helmholtz plane reconfiguration, thus effectively enhancing the spatial charge density to activate 20% capacity enhancement. Furthermore, cathodic interfacial adsorbed hydrated NH4+ ions afford high-kinetics and ultrastable C‧‧‧H (NH4+) charge storage process due to a much lower desolvation energy barrier compared with heavy and rigid Zn(H2O)6 2+ (5.81 vs. 14.90 eV). Consequently, physical uptake and multielectron redox of Zn2+/NH4+ in carbon cathode enable the zinc capacitor to deliver high capacity (240 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), large-current tolerance (130 mAh g−1 at 50 A g−1) and ultralong lifespan (400,000 cycles). This study gives new insights into the design of cathode–electrolyte interfaces toward advanced zinc-based energy storage.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-09)
Hard carbon (HC) derived from renewable biomass is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, controlling the structure of hard carbon so that it has a high energy density, favorable rate performance, and cycling stability is still a challenge. We propose a strategy to control the open pore structure of hard carbon derived from wood for sodium-ion storage by the addition of sodium carbonate under carbonization at 1100 °C. The resulting HC has an increased interlayer spacing, and a more uniform open pore distribution (2–3 nm) with a high slope capacity, thereby enabling efficient sodium-ion transport and storage. The HC anode has a reversible capacity of 326 mAh g−1 at a current density of 30 mA g−1, and maintains a reversible capacity of 270 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a capacity of 68 mAh g−1 even at 10 A g−1 during rate performance tests. After 300 cycles, it retains 76.7% (207 mAh g−1) of its capacity at 1.0 A g−1. In situ Raman spectroscopy and the galvanostatic intermittent titration testing results reveal an adsorption-intercalation-filling sodium storage mechanism. This work provides a strategy to optimize the open pore structure of biomass derived hard carbon for high performance sodium ion storage.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-07)
The chlor-alkali process plays a key and irreplaceable role in the chemical industry because of its use in various industrial processes. However, the low selectivity and efficiency of the reported chlorine evolution reaction (CER) electrocatalysts obviously hinder its practical use. We report a simple method for the controlled growth of high-performance CER electrocatalysts by first growing cobalt hydroxide on the surface of carbon cloth, followed by the in-situ growth of graphdiyne (GDY/Co(OH)2). As expected, the as-synthesized catalyst has a small overpotential of only 83 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a maximum Faradaic Efficiency (FE) of 91.54%, and a high chlorine yield of 157.11 mg h−1 cm−2 in acidic simulated seawater. Experimental results demonstrate that the in-situ growth of GDY on the Co(OH)2 surface leads to the formation of heterointerfaces with strong electron transfer between GDY and Co atoms, resulting in a higher conductivity, larger active specific surface area and more active sites, thereby improving the overall electrocatalytic selectivity and efficiency.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-05)
Because of the demand for clean and sustainable energy sources, nanocarbons, modified carbons and their composite materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as distinct catalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. These materials not only inherit the advantages of MOFs, like customizable dopants and structural diversity, but also effectively prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides during pyrolysis. Consequently, they increase the electrocatalytic efficiency, improve electrical conductivity, and may play a pivotal role in green energy technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. This review first explores the carbonization mechanism of the MOF-derived carbon-based materials, and then considers 3 key aspects: intrinsic carbon defects, metal and non-metal atom doping, and the synthesis strategies for these materials. We also provide a comprehensive introduction to advanced characterization techniques to better understand the basic electrochemical catalysis processes, including mapping techniques for detecting localized active sites on electrocatalyst surfaces at the micro- to nano-scale and in-situ spectroscopy. Finally, we offer insights into future research concerning their use as electrocatalysts. Our primary objective is to provide a clearer perspective on the current status of MOF-derived carbon-based electrocatalysts and encourage the development of more efficient materials.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67034-8
A new technology was proposed to produce ammonium paratungstate (APT) from ammonium metatungstate (AMT) solution by adding (NH4)2CO3 or NH4HCO3 in order to reduce energy consumption and subsequent ammonia recovery burden in crystallization step. Specifically, the effects of ammonium source dosage, temperature, reaction time and stirring speed on crystallization yield, crystalline phase and morphology of APT products were systematically investigated. The results showed that crystallization yields under optional conditions with (NH4)2CO3 and NH4HCO3 as ammonium sources could reach 85.4% and 86.9% with particle size (D50) of 358.8 μm and 441.3 μm, respectively. The crystallization mechanism could be identified as H2W12O40^6- first transforming to H2W12O42^6- and finally to H2W12O42^10-, resulting in the APT precipitation by H2W12O42^10- combining with NH4^+. (NH4)6[H6W12O42]·10H2O played as an intermediate in the crystallization, which could also react with ammonium sources to form APT crystals. Compared to NH3·H2O as an ammonium resource, the corresponding maximum crystallization yields under the same optimal conditions were in order of NH4HCO3>(NH4)2CO3>NH3·H2O, while different ammonium sources affect the morphology of crystallization product.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67031-2
Li2CO3 was introduced into LiPF6-based electrolytes and the electrolytes were stored at 40 °C. Nuclear magnetic analysis of electrolytes and X-ray diffraction characterization of reaction residues demonstrate the formation of LiPO2F2 and LiF during storage. This reformulated electrolyte boosts lifespan and Coulombic efficiency (CE) in Li||Li and Li||Cu cells, with Li||Li cells stably cycling for >800 h and 300 h at 0.5 mA/cm2 and 1.0 mA/cm2, respectively. Moreover, with the optimal content of Li2CO3, the CE of the reformulated electrolyte (91.56%) is greatly improved compared to that of the standard electrolyte (81.99%). The compatibility and enhanced rate performance of the reformulated electrolyte are also exhibited in Li||NCM full cells with a moderately high mass loading of 9.6 mg/cm2.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2025•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2025.150
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the optimization of wind power generation systems integrated with hybrid energy storage and grid connection. The proposed system combines battery and supercapacitor storage to smooth power fluctuations and enhance grid stability. A novel control strategy is developed to manage energy flow and improve overall efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in power quality and system reliability under varying wind conditions. The findings provide valuable insights for the design and operation of renewable energy systems.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66952-4
The effects of artificial aging (T6) on the creep resistance with tensile stresses in the range of 50−80 MPa at 175 °C were investigated for an extruded Mg−1.22Al−0.31Ca−0.44Mn (wt.%) alloy. The Guinier-Preston (G.P.) zones primarily precipitate in the sample aged at 200 °C for 1 h (T6-200°C/1h), while the Al2Ca phases mainly precipitate in the sample aged at 275 °C for 8 h (T6-275°C/8h). The T6-200°C/1h sample exhibits excellent creep resistance, with a steady-state creep rate one order of magnitude lower than that of the T6-275°C/8h sample. The abnormally high stress exponent (~8.2) observed in the T6-200°C/1h sample is associated with the power-law breakdown mechanism. TEM analysis illuminates that the creep mechanism for the T6-200°C/1h sample is cross-slip between basal and prismatic dislocations, while the T6-275°C/8h sample exhibits a mixed mechanism of dislocation cross-slip and climb. Compared with the Al2Ca phase, the dense G.P. zones effectively impede dislocation climb and glide during the creep process, demonstrating superior creep resistance of the T6-200°C/1h sample.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66951-2
The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated. The distribution, morphology, size, and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cooling rates. The relationship between shrinkage porosities and microstructure characteristics was discussed in terms of temperature conditions, feeding channel characteristics, and feeding capacity. Further, the feeding behavior of the residual liquid phase in the solid skeleton was quantified by introducing permeability. Results show a strong correlation between the solid microstructure skeleton and shrinkage porosity characteristics. An increase in permeability corresponds to a declining number density of shrinkage porosities. This study aims to provide a more complete understanding how to reduce shrinkage porosities by controlling microstructure characteristics.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.008
To evaluate the accuracy of rockburst tendency classification in coal-bearing sandstone strata, this study conducted uniaxial compression loading and unloading tests on sandstone samples with four distinct grain sizes. The tests involved loading the samples to 60%, 70%, and 80% of their uniaxial compressive strength, followed by unloading and reloading until failure. Key parameters such as the elastic energy index and linear elasticity criteria were derived from these tests. Additionally, rock fragments were collected to calculate their initial ejection kinetic energy, serving as a measure of rockburst tendency. The classification of rockburst tendency was conducted using grading methods based on burst energy index (WET), pre-peak stored elastic energy (PES) and experimental observations. Multi-class classification and regression analyses were applied to machine learning models using experimental data to predict rockburst tendency levels. A comparative analysis of models from two libraries revealed that the Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy in classification, while the AdaBoost Regressor model excelled in regression predictions. This study highlights that on a laboratory scale, integrating ejection kinetic energy with the unloading ratio, failure load, WET and PES through machine learning offers a highly accurate and reliable approach for determining rockburst tendency levels.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.009
In the process of deep engineering excavation, the mechanical properties of rock are significantly influenced by the coupled effects of water and high stress, which greatly increase construction difficulty. To more accurately investigate the impact of water disturbance on the failure process of dry rock under high stress and the failure mechanisms of saturated rock in underwater environments, a water environment test chamber and a prefabricated borehole specimen through-water device were designed. A series of experiments were conducted, including uniaxial tests, water-disturbed granite cylinder tests, and through-water disturbance tests on prefabricated hole square specimens. The results showed that the acoustic emission (AE) hits and accumulated energy after the through-water disturbance at the same time were 8.77 and 12.08 times higher than before the disturbance, respectively. And water disturbance increased the proportion of tensile failure and reduced the proportion of shear failure. A key observation was that AE events were mainly generated in the permeation areas near the borehole. The main reason was that under high stress, the weakening effect of water led to the failure of the local mineral structure of the rock, promoting crack extension and triggering overall instability. Notably, failure of the saturated specimens underwater was only observed when the applied load approached the saturation strength of the prefabricated hole square specimens. The study results provide an important theoretical basis for understanding the damage mechanism of water-disturbed rocks in deep engineering, and have significant implications for the design and construction of engineering.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030031
Quantum key distribution (QKD) achieves information-theoretic security based on quantum mechanics principles, where single-photon detectors (SPDs) serve as critical components. This study focuses on the sinusoidal gated SPDs widely used in high-speed QKD systems. We investigate the mechanisms underlying the rising-edge jitter in detection signals, identifying contributions from factors such as the temporal width of injected optical pulses, avalanche generation processes, avalanche signal extraction, and pulse discrimination. To address the issue of excessive jitter-induced bit errors, we propose a retiming scheme that utilizes coincidence signals synchronized with the sinusoidal gating signal. This approach effectively suppresses detection signal jitter and reduces the after-pulse probability of the detector. Experimental validation using a high-precision time-to-digital converter (TDC) demonstrates a significant reduction in the rising-edge jitter distribution after applying the suppression scheme. The proposed method features clear principles and straightforward engineering implementation, avoiding direct interference with the detector's operational processes. The designed high-speed sinusoidal gated InGaAs/InP SPD operates at 1.25 GHz, achieving a remarkable reduction in after-pulse probability from 10.7% (without jitter suppression) to 0.72%, thereby enhancing the overall performance of QKD systems.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060021
The increasing pursuit of ultra-high resolution displays has driven the demand for thin film transistors (TFTs) with higher mobility, especially on flexible substrates. In this work, we developed indium tin oxide (ITO) TFTs on flexible substrates for the first time and achieved a remarkable average mobility of 39.1 cm2·V−1·s−1, via mass-production compatible processes utilizing SiO2 gate dielectric. Benefiting from the ultra-flat surface and extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of our PI substrate, the ITO TFTs exhibit excellent large-scale uniformity. Additionally, the TFTs generate minor variations of −5.5% and +0.45 V in mobility and threshold voltage under a bending radius of 7 mm, respectively. They stay fully functional even after a dynamic bending test up to 13 000 cycles, observing no obvious degradation in mobility and threshold voltage. The reliable mechanical flexibility and robust bending durability demonstrate their great potential for ultra-high resolution flexible displays in the future.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060014
Flexible materials with perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are widely used in the field of photonics and optoelectronics due to their unique properties. Development of new materials based on these nanoparticles, incorporated into flexible and lightweight nonwoven fabrics, demonstrated high photoconductivity and efficient light energy conversion. In this work, we propose a method for creating a stable luminescent nonwoven material using electrospinning, in which inorganic salt precursors are used without the need for additional stabilizers. Equimolar solutions of cesium and lead (II) bromide were mixed with a fluoroplast, resulting in a series of samples. Luminescent materials were obtained containing PQDs with a composition of CsPbBr3, with emission peaks ranging from 507 to 517 nm under 365-nm excitation. We have experimentally established and theoretically confirmed that the peak position is related to the size of the particles formed in the fiber during electrospinning and depends on processing time. Developed materials exhibited stable luminescent properties for up to 2.5 years, making them a promising candidate for the development of new flexible optoelectronic devices based on PQDs.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.002
The stability of underground tunnel roofs is strongly influenced by wedge blocks formed by complex joint networks. The mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of different roof wedge blocks in arched holes were investigated under biaxial stress conditions. The crack evolution and failure modes of the specimens were analyzed through acoustic emission (AE), digital image correlation (DIC), and discrete element method (DEM). Results show significant variations in mechanical properties: specimens T1 (extremely unstable triangular) and T2 (extremely unstable quadrilateral) exhibited higher strength than T3 (extremely stable triangular) and T4 (extremely stable quadrilateral), while support more effectively enhanced the strength of T3 and T4. Failure modes were classified as rock-dominated, wedge-dominated, or co-dominated. Cracks typically initiated near the wedge and propagated outward. Unsupported specimens developed tensile cracks at the hole bottom, shear cracks at the sides, and mixed cracks along wedge boundaries, whereas supported specimens mainly exhibited cracks at the roof and sides. Stress analysis indicated that unsupported conditions induced high stress differences, promoting localized shear failure. Wedge geometry significantly affected shear stress redistribution at the roof. These findings highlight the critical role of support and wedge block geometry in controlling stress distribution and failure mechanisms in arched tunnels.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080021
Ferroelectrics (FEs) are crucial for sensors, actuators, and electrocaloric cooling due to their cross-coupling of electric polarization with mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties. While polymer FEs offer flexibility and biocompatibility, the dominant poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) poses environmental concerns as a 'forever chemical'. In a recent Science publication, Zhu et al. introduced fluorine-free disulfonyl polymers (–SO2CH2CHRCH2SO2–, R = –H or –CH3) that achieve high dipole moments (~9 D) and exhibit both normal ferroelectricity (FE-2SO2P) and relaxor ferroelectricity (RFE-2SO2P) by simple side-chain modification. FE-2SO2P shows a sharp Curie transition at ~118 °C and a high remanent polarization of 33.2 mC·m–2, while RFE-2SO2P displays frequency-dependent dielectric behavior and a transition to a ferroelectric state at low temperatures. Molecular dynamics simulations attribute the difference to steric hindrance from the methyl group, which disrupts dipole alignment. Notably, RFE-2SO2P exhibits exceptional electroactuation strain (–4% at 44 MV·m–1) and electrocaloric effect (ΔS = 14.8 J·kg–1·K–1), rivaling PVDF-based tetrapolymers. This work establishes fluorine-free polymers as viable alternatives for flexible electronics and thermal management, addressing environmental and health concerns.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.005
Weak structural planes commonly exist in underground engineering, making anchor structures more prone to failure and threatening rock stability. This study applied Optical-Thermal-Acoustic (OTA) monitoring during uniaxial compression tests on cross-layer anchored rock masses to reveal mechanical properties, failure characteristics, and energy evolution under different anchoring methods and bedding angles. Key findings include: anchoring suppresses transverse deformation and tensile crack propagation, increasing elastic modulus and bearing capacity; anchored rock shows more intense acoustic emission but smaller infrared temperature changes; the structural plane angle controls crack extension direction and strain evolution, with rock prone to instantaneous slip failure at 45°–75°, exhibiting lower strength and significant IR changes. Distinct OTA characteristics during rupture validate the method's reliability for rockburst early warning and intensity assessment. Based on failure characteristics, a shear failure criterion for anchored structural planes is established, enabling prediction of failure modes, analysis of bolt support resistance, and providing reference for support design and construction in complex strata.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050
In an era dominated by visual information, the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds. The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema screens to smartphones and now to virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) headsets, progressively moving closer to the human eye. This evolution places unprecedented demands on pixel density, power efficiency, and form factor, pushing up against fundamental physical and physiological limits. The core challenge lies in creating displays that, when viewed at close proximity, offer a seamless, high-fidelity visual experience indistinguishable from reality—a goal often conceptualized as the 'retina display', where the pixel density matches or exceeds the resolving power of the human eye. However, as pixel sizes shrink into the sub-micrometer regime, conventional emissive technologies like organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) face insurmountable hurdles: diminished emission intensity, non-uniformity, severe colour cross-talk, and rapidly increasing fabrication complexity. Even the most advanced micro-LED demonstrations struggle to achieve the required pixel densities across large fields of view without significant performance trade-offs. Conversely, reflective displays, or electronic paper (E-paper), which leverage ambient light for visibility, inherently avoid the luminosity and efficiency issues of emissive displays. Their optical contrast is governed by material properties at the nanoscale, remaining theoretically unaffected by pixel size reduction. Yet, established reflective technologies, such as electrophoretic displays (e.g., those in e-readers), have been hamstrung by slow refresh rates (seconds), limited colour gamuts, and resolutions typically below 1000 pixels per inch (PPI), confining them largely to static text and image applications. While optical metasurfaces have demonstrated astonishing static resolutions exceeding 10 000 PPI, they have largely remained just that—static—lacking the dynamic tunability essential for video and interactive content. Previous attempts to create dynamic reflective displays using hybrid nanomaterials have improved colour and speed but failed to break the micron-scale pixel barrier, leaving the holy grail of a high-resolution, video-rate, low-power reflective display tantalizingly out of reach. Now, writing in Nature, Santosa et al. achieve a retina E-paper that not only surmounts these historical limitations but also redefines the possibilities for ultra-high-resolution displays, based on traditional electrochromic (EC) technology. By demonstrating electrically tunable pixels down to ~560 nm in size (>25 000 PPI), full-colour video capability (>25 Hz), high reflectance (~80%), and remarkably low energy consumption (0.5–1.7 mW∙cm–2), they present a paradigm shift from light-emitting to intelligently light-modulating displays at the nanoscale.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5161-3
With the increase in power of the industrial gas turbine and thrust-weight ratio of aeroengine, the conventional strengthening method of adding refractory elements into superalloys has become difficult to meet the demands for the higher mechanical properties. A novel Ni-based superalloy was designed with enhanced strength and hardness based on the graphene nanosheets (GNs) synergistic in-situ nano-carbides strengthening in the present work. Nano-carbides were induced by in-situ reaction of the GNs with alloy powders during additive manufacturing. The microstructure and thermophysical properties of different alloys with 0.1wt.% GNs and without GNs were investigated by SEM, EBSD, TEM, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Residual GNs were also detected by SANS and DSC. The nano-carbides are uniformly distributed in the matrix and combine with residual GNs to refine the cellular structure. Compared with the original alloy (ASE100), the hardness of the alloy with 0.1wt.% GNs (ASE100-0.1GN) is increased by 31 HV (from 315 HV to 346 HV), and the yield tensile strength is increased by 86 MPa (from 756 MPa to 842 MPa). The GNs react with alloy melt in the molten pools to generate nano-carbides under the Marangoni effect during manufacturing process. The dispersion nano-carbides are distributed at both grain boundaries and within grains, effectively hindering the movement of dislocation and enhancing the strength of alloy.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-3113-6
Annealing treatment is an effective strategy to enhance the comprehensive properties of Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn (LAZ832) alloy, where the cooling rate plays a decisive role in tailoring microstructure and performance. This study systematically investigates the effects of cooling rates, controlled via water quenching (WC), air cooling (AC), and furnace cooling (FC), on the phase evolution, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of LAZ832. The annealed microstructure consists of α-Mg, β-Li, AlLi, and MgLi2Al phases, and the volume fraction of Al-Li phases (AlLi and MgLi2Al) increases as the cooling rate decreases. Strengthening mechanisms are dominated by solid solution strengthening, driven by the dissolution of Al and Zn atoms into the matrix, which significantly enhances tensile strength. However, excessive solute content leads to a marked decline in ductility. Scanning probe microscope (SPM) reveals an elevated work function due to the dissolution of Al and Zn atoms into the matrix phase, correlating with improved corrosion resistance. Comprehensive analysis demonstrates that air cooling achieves an optimal balance between tensile strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance, outperforming furnace-cooled samples and offering a pragmatic compromise compared to water-quenched specimens with higher strength but brittle failure. These findings establish a robust framework for designing LAZ832 alloys with tailored microstructures and multi-property optimization, advancing their application in lightweight engineering fields.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4101-6
Lightweight aluminum alloy conductor materials (Al-Mg-Si alloys) require not only high electrical conductivity to reduce electrical loss, but also high strength to withstand extreme weather conditions. To improve electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si alloy simultaneously, the rare earth La was introduced to modify the Al-Mg-Si alloy. The effect of La addition on the microstructure, tensile properties and electrical conductivity of cast Al-Mg-Si alloy was investigated systematically. Results indicate that the appropriate La content is helpful to improve the strength and electrical conductivity of Al-Mg-Si alloys. When the addition of La is 0.2wt.%, the α-Al grains are refined apparently, Mg and Si solute atoms in the Al matrix are reduced by the formation of Mg2Si phase; the distribution of Al11La3 phases is uniform, and the morphology of AlFeSi phase transforms from continuous state to discontinuous state. The Al-Mg-Si-0.2La alloy exhibits the optimal tensile properties and electrical conductivity, with an ultimate tensile strength of 170 MPa, a yield strength of 88 MPa, an elongation of 18.9%, and an electrical conductivity of 44.0% IACS. These values represent improvements of 9.0%, 15.8%, 70.3%, and 17.3%, respectively, compared to the Al-Mg-Si alloy without La addition. However, excessive La deteriorates the properties of Al-Mg-Si-xLa alloys.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6143-8
This paper investigates the influence of numerical methods and mesh resolution on the prediction accuracy of the aerodynamic behaviors of a 1/20 scaled generic high-speed train (HST) model. A thorough comparison is made between partially averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS), large eddy simulation (LES), and wind tunnel experiments, covering aerodynamic forces, surface pressure, velocity distribution, and Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy in the wake region. The Reynolds number for both simulations and experiments is set to 4.75×105. The results show that the PANS approach accurately predicts flow characteristics observed in experiments and fine LES calculations, even with a low-resolution grid. PANS exhibits a distinct advantage over LES when grid resolutions are insufficient for resolving near-wall flow structures around the HST, both in open-air conditions and crosswind environments. Additionally, grid refinement improves the predictive accuracy of the HST's aerodynamic performance, particularly in the presence of small yaw angle.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3066-6
The rapid growth of semiconductor, photovoltaic, and other emerging industries has led to a sharp increase in the demand for high-purity quartz in China, particularly 4N5-grade (99.995% pure SiO2). However, heavy reliance on imported high-purity quartz poses a significant risk to the security of key national strategic industries. To address this challenge, China is focusing on identifying domestic sources of high-purity quartz and developing efficient evaluation methods. This study investigates the inclusion content in three types of quartz: pegmatite, vein quartz, and white granite. A grading system based on the transmittance of quartz grains was established by analyzing the number of inclusions. Five quartz ore samples from different regions were purified, and the resulting concentrates were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The relationships among the inclusion content of raw quartz, impurity composition of purified quartz, and quality of sintered fused quartz products were examined. The findings demonstrate that quartz with fewer inclusions results in lower impurity levels after purification, higher SiO2 purity, and more translucent glass, as confirmed by firing tests. Herein, this study establishes a clear connection between quartz inclusions and the overall quality of high-purity quartz. The proposed approach enables the rapid assessment of quartz deposit quality by identifying inclusions, offering a practical and efficient method for locating high-quality quartz resources.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6068-2
In this investigation, we examined the high-temperature corrosion behavior of three nickel-based single-crystal superalloys subjected to a mixed molten salt environment of Na2SO4 and NaCl at 700 °C, leading to a preliminary elucidation of their molten salt corrosion mechanisms. By further comparing the corrosion degree of the three nickel-based single-crystal superalloys combined with the Gibbs free energy calculation of the corrosion products, the influence of alloying elements on the corrosion performance of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys was analyzed. It was established that the corrosion mechanism of these nickel-based single-crystal superalloys predominantly involves a cyclic process of oxide layer formation and decomposition, ultimately resulting in the establishment of a protective layer principally composed of NiO, with a constantly regenerating Al2O3 barrier, impeding further alloy degradation. Furthermore, the inclusion of elements such as Cr, Al, Ta, and notably Re has been found to markedly improve the thermal corrosion resistance of the superalloys. These insights not only enhance our comprehension of the corrosion mechanisms pertinent to nickel-based superalloys, but also provide strategic directions for alloy composition refinement aimed at bolstering their corrosion resilience.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3100-3
Sn-based solder is a widely used interconnection material in the field of electronic packaging; however, the performance requirements for these solders are becoming increasingly demanding owing to the rapid development in this area. In recent years, the addition of micro/nanoreinforcement phases to Sn-based solders has provided a solution to improve the intrinsic properties of the solders. This paper reviews the progress in Sn-based micro/nanoreinforced composite solders over the past decade. The types of reinforcement particles, preparation methods of the composite solders, and strengthening effects on the microstructure, wettability, melting point, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance under different particle-addition levels are discussed and summarized. The mechanisms of performance enhancement are summarized based on material-strengthening effects such as grain refinement and second-phase dispersion strengthening. In addition, we discuss the current shortcomings of such composite solders and possible future improvements, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the future development of Sn-based solders.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01597-w
The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft, innovative, and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring. The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency, providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health management. Among many candidates, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin films. While previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene, the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications, particularly in smart interaction and integrated functionalities. This review aims to consolidate recent progress, highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials, and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable biodevices. We begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages, sensing mechanisms, and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice fabrication. Following this, we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human body. Special attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices, mainly including self-power supply, integrated diagnosis/treatment, and human–machine interaction. Finally, the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of 2D materials for advanced biodevices.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01280-0
Microgrinding is widely used in clinical bone surgery, but saline spray cooling faces technical challenges such as low wettability at the microgrinding tool–bone interface, easy clogging of the microgrinding tools, and high grinding temperatures. These issues can lead to bone necrosis, irreversible thermal damage to nerves, or even surgical failure. Inspired by the water-trapping and directional transportation abilities of desert beetles, this study proposes a biomimetic desert beetle microgrinding tool. The flow-field distribution directly influences the convective heat transfer of the cooling medium in the grinding zone, which in turn affects the grinding temperature. To address this, a mathematical model of the two-phase flow field at the biomimetic microgrinding tool–bone interface is developed. The results indicate an average error of 14.74% between the calculated and experimentally obtained airflow field velocities. Next, a biomimetic desert beetle microgrinding tool is prepared. Experiments with physiological saline spray cooling were conducted on fresh bovine femur bone, which has mechanical properties similar to human bone. Results show that, compared with conventional microgrinding tools, the biomimetic tools reduced bone surface temperature by 21.7%, 13.2%, 5.8%, 20.3%, and 25.8% at particle sizes of 150#, 200#, 240#, 270#, and 300#, respectively. The surface morphology of the biomimetic microgrinding tools after grinding is observed and analyzed, revealing a maximum clogging area reduction of 23.0%, which is 6.1%, 6.0%, 10.0%, 15.6%, and 9.5% less than that observed with conventional tools. Finally, this study unveils the dynamic mechanism of cooling medium transfer in the flow field at the biomimetic microgrinding tool–bone interface. This research provides theoretical guidance and technical support for clinical bone resection surgery.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01286-8
This study aims to develop an accurate calculation model of transmission torque and load-bearing capacity for hydro-viscous clutches (HVC) used in high-power vehicles, which is important to investigate the step-less speed regulation characteristics in a fan drive system. However, most of the existing models ignore the distribution differences of groove area along the radial direction, which may lead to significant deviations in calculating the mechanical property of friction pairs related to operating conditions and the engagement process. To fill this gap, a new calculation model for bearing capacity and frictional torque of friction pairs with different oil grooves is proposed, in which the traditional fixed contact area ratio coefficient for oil groove measurement is replaced by a more precise discrete micro-ring area ratio (DMAR) integration method. Then, a 32-degree-of-freedoms dynamic model of HVC at a fan drive system is established for the prediction of dynamic responses during speed regulation. Results show that friction pairs with different oil grooves have a direct influence on frictional torque and bearing capacity through the change of DMAR along the radial direction. The friction pairs with different groove structures have oscillation phenomena at the engagement steady-state boundary. Furthermore, a step-less speed regulation experimental setup is established to verify the correctness of the proposed model. It is demonstrated that the axial engagement force and the speed regulation curve predicted by the proposed method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results could effectively predict the engagement dynamic characteristics. The numerical relationship among the structure parameters, the mechanical properties of friction pairs, and the speed regulation characteristics of the system are established through the proposed model, which lays a theoretical foundation for the structure design of friction plates and optimization of step-less speed regulation performance.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01270-2
Vehicle collision avoidance (CA) has been widely studied to improve road traffic safety. However, most evasion assistance control methods face challenges in effectively coordinating collision avoidance safety and human-machine interaction conflict. This paper introduces a novel multi-mode evasion assistance control (MEAC) method for intelligent distributed-drive electric vehicles. A reference safety area is established considering the vehicle safety and stability requirements, which serves as a guiding principle for evading obstacles. The proposed method includes two control modes: Shared-EAC (S-EAC) and Emergency-EAC (E-EAC). In S-EAC, an integrated human-machine authority allocation mechanism is designed to mitigate conflicts between human drivers and the control system during collision avoidance. The E-EAC mode is tailored for situations where the driver has no collision avoidance behavior and utilizes model predictive control to generate additional yaw moments for collision avoidance. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed method reduces human-machine conflict and assists the driver in safe collision avoidance in the S-EAC mode under various driver conditions. In addition, it enhances the vehicle responsiveness and reduces the extent of emergency steering in the E-EAC mode while improving the safety and stability during the collision avoidance process.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6146-5
The pantograph cavity coupling system (PCCS) of high-speed trains, as a representative region for aerodynamic noise generation, merits further investigation into its scale effects. In this paper, the large-eddy simulation (LES) and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) integral equation are used to calculate and analyze the sound energy intensity distribution pattern and spectral characteristics of the PCCS at different scales (1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/25, 1/50). The research shows that as the scaled model decreases, the relative area of the pantograph submerged by the vehicle boundary layer increases, and its inflow velocity decreases, thereby reducing the overall radiated sound pressure level in this area. For the segments 1/1−1/2 and 1/4−1/16, the dominant scale of sound generation is typical pure tone noise, with distinct similar features in the spectral discrete scales. For the segments 1/25−1/50, the turbulent fluctuation characteristics of the vehicle boundary layer mask the peak features, and the spectrum is dominated by broadband characteristics. Combining the PCCS sound source energy scale correction model and the dimensionless spectrum correction function, a scale correction model for the sound power spectrum of the sound source is obtained, so that the noise results of the reduced-scale model can be corresponded to the full-scale model. This work advances the comprehension of high-speed train aerodynamic noise generation mechanisms and offers critical references for developing precision noise control technologies.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6100-6
In this study, AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were processed by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique called forging-bending repeated deformation (FBRD). The effect on the microstructure and microhardness of AZ31 Mg alloy through FBRD was investigated with increasing temperature treatment and a 90° cross route. The results reveal that the effective strain increases with the number of passes. The flow uniformity is effectively enhanced due to alterations in shear deformation direction. After four passes of deformation, the average grain size is refined by 79.3% compared to the initial specimen. The grain refinement mechanism predominantly originates from the synergistic effects of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), and twinning-induced recrystallization (TDRX). The formation of {1012} extension twins (ET) significantly contributes to coarse grain subdivision and plastic deformation coordinated. Furthermore, pyramidal <c+a> slip activation effectively enhances the plasticity of Mg alloys. By post four-pass processing, the alloy exhibits a microhardness of 81.9HV, primarily governed by fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanisms.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6043-y
The phase transformation of galena in H2SO4 −Fe2(SO4)3 system under oxygen pressure was investigated. Results indicated that the critical conditions for the phase transformation of galena into lead jarosite (Pb-J) were 130 ℃, 30 g/L H2SO4, 15 g/L Fe3+, and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.4 MPa. Furthermore, increased Fe3+ concentration and oxygen partial pressure did not enhance jarosite formation. Conversely, lowering the temperature and increasing the H2SO4 concentration facilitated PbSO4 formation and inhibited its further conversion to Pb-J. Additionally, the effects of potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and high concentrations of zinc sulfate on the phase transformation of galena were examined through leaching tests, XRD, SEM-EDS, and FT-IR analyses. All three sulfates inhibited the conversion of galena to Pb-J. Among these, potassium sulfate prevented Pb-J formation and converted it more thoroughly into potassium jarosite. However, high concentrations of zinc sulfate facilitated the crystallization of both PbSO4 and Pb-J, which altered the morphology of the product. Zinc ions coprecipitated with Pb-J, thereby integrating into the product.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3225-4
The effects of direct aging (DA) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2/AlSi7Mg alloys fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) were systematically investigated. DA significantly improves strength while maintaining satisfactory ductility. Optimal performance is obtained through under-aging (UA) at 150°C for 4 h, resulting in a yield strength of 361 MPa, tensile strength of 503 MPa, and elongation of 9.1% in the horizontal direction. DA does not substantially alter the grain size or cellular structure but promotes the formation of nanoprecipitates within the α-Al matrix. Specifically, UA induces dot-like and needle-like Si precipitates, whereas over-aging (OA) additionally generates short rod-like β'-Mg1.8Si phases. The strengthening mechanism is attributed to the Hall–Petch effect associated with grain and cell boundaries, and the Orowan mechanism induced by nanoprecipitates. Work-hardening behavior is governed by interactions between dislocations and nanoprecipitates. The OA sample exhibits rapid saturation of work hardening due to a high initial hardening rate and dynamic recovery of dislocations, resulting in limited uniform elongation. In contrast, the UA sample demonstrates a more balanced work hardening response. These findings provide theoretical and experimental validation of DA as an effective post-processing approach aimed at enhancing the performance of LPBF Al–Si–Mg alloys in engineering applications.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3269-5
Low-concentration coal mine methane (LC-CMM), which is predominantly composed of methane, serves as a clean and low-carbon energy resource with significant potential for utilization. Utilizing LC-CMM as fuel for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) represents an efficient and promising strategy for its effective utilization. However, direct application in Ni-based anodes induces carbon deposition, which severely degrades cell performance. Herein, a medium-entropy oxide Sr2FeNi0.1Cr0.3Mn0.3Mo0.3O6−δ (SFNCMM) was developed as an anode internal reforming catalyst. Following reduction treatment, FeNi3 nano-alloy particles precipitate on the surface of the material, thereby significantly enhancing its catalytic activity for LC-CMM reforming process. The catalyst achieved a methane conversion rate of 53.3%, demonstrating excellent catalytic performance. Electrochemical evaluations revealed that SFNCMM-Gd0.1Ce0.9O2−δ (GDC) with a weight ratio of 7:3 exhibited superior electrochemical performance when employed as the anodic catalytic layer. With H2 and LC-CMM as fuels, the single cell achieved maximum power densities of 1467.32 and 1116.97 mW·cm−2 at 800°C, respectively, with corresponding polarization impedances of 0.17 and 1.35 Ω·cm2. Furthermore, the single cell maintained stable operation for over 100 h under LC-CMM fueling without significant carbon deposition, confirming its robust resistance to carbon formation. These results underscore the potential of medium-entropy oxides as highly effective catalytic layers for mitigating carbon deposition in SOFCs.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3076-4
CoFe bimetallic hydroxides (CoFe BMHs) find wide applications as excellent catalysts in the field of water splitting. However, no study has systematically investigated the influence of the morphologies of CoFe BMHs on catalyst performance. In this study, CoFe BMH nanoflowers (CoFe BMH NFs), CoFe BMH nanosheets (CoFe BMH NSHs), CoFe BMH nanorods (CoFe BMH NRs), and CoFe BMH nanospheres (CoFe BMH NSPs) were prepared on nickel foam via a hydrothermal method. CoFe BMH NSHs exhibited the most beneficial catalytic activity. At a current density of 100 mA·cm−2, its overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was 282 mV, and the overall water splitting voltage was 2.05 V. The double-layer charging capacitance (Cdl) value of CoFe BMH NSHs was the largest in CoFe BMHs, which proves that CoFe BMH NSHs have the largest active area. Furthermore, the active site in the OER process was metal oxyhydroxide (MOOH) through in situ Raman characterization, and the generation of the active substance was an irreversible process. This work provides important insights into the design of catalyst morphologies and offers valuable guidelines for the enhancement of the performance of other catalysts.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3144-4
The large-scale accumulation of industrial solid waste, including red mud and coal gangue, coupled with goafs left by underground mining activities, poses significant challenges to sustainable human development. In this study, red mud, coal gangue, and other solid wastes were used to prepare underground backfilling materials. The utilization rate of the total solid waste reached 95%, with red mud accounting for approximately 40wt% of the total. The unconfined compressive strength, setting time, and slump tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the material. At the optimal ratio, the 7- and 28-d strengths reach 4.4 and 6.9 MPa, respectively. The initial and final setting times were 200 and 250 min, respectively, whereas the initial and 1-h slump exceed 250 and 210 mm, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to explore the microstructure, phase composition, and chemical bonding within the material. Needle-like, clustered, and granular hydration products were observed, and the primary crystalline structures were identified as ettringite, gmelinite, C–A–S–H, and C–S–H. In addition, a thorough environmental risk assessment was conducted, complemented by detailed economic cost and carbon emission calculations. During the creation of backfill material, hazardous elements from solid waste are immobilized through adsorption, precipitation, and incorporation into the crystal lattice. The immobilization efficiencies for Ni, Al, Cr6+, and As were 97.03%, 94.32%, 86.43%, and 84.22%, respectively, at a pH of 8.49. Moreover, the use of solid waste as a raw material results in considerable cost savings and marked reduction in carbon emissions. This study innovatively promotes the green cycle of alumina production in the bauxite mining industry.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3059-5
Flotation is the most common method to recover valuable minerals by selective adsorption of collectors on target mineral surfaces. However, in subsequent hydrometallurgy of mineral flotation concentrates, the adsorbed collectors must be desorbed since it can adversely affect the efficiency of metallurgical process and produce wastewater. ZL, as a fatty acid mixture, is a typical industrially used collector for scheelite flotation in China. Sodium oleate (NaOL) has similar fatty acid group as ZL. In this study, the desorption behavior of NaOL/ZL from scheelite surface by a physical method of stirring at a low temperature was investigated. NaOL desorption tests of single mineral showed that a desorption rate of 77.75% for NaOL from scheelite surface into pulp was achieved in a stirring speed of 2500 r/min at 5°C in a neutral environment. Under the above desorption condition, in the pulp containing desorbed collector by adding extra 30% normal NaOL dosage, the scheelite recovery reached about 95% in the single mineral flotation test. Desorption and reuse of ZL collector for the flotation of real scheelite ore showed only a 75% normal dosage of ZL could produce a qualified rough concentrate. The atomic force microscope (AFM) tests showed that after desorption treatment of low temperature and strong stirring, the dense strip-like structure of NaOL on the scheelite surface was destroyed to be speck-like. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) demonstrated that the adsorption energy between NaOL and scheelite surface was more negative at 25°C (−13.39 kcal/mol) than at 5°C (−11.50 kcal/mol) in a neutral pH, indicating that a low temperature was beneficial for the desorption of collector from mineral surface. Due to its simplicity and economy, the method we proposed of desorption of collector from mineral surface and its reuse for flotation has a great potential for industrial application.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2982-9
The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and dynamic precipitation of Mg–5Gd–3Sm(–1Zn)–0.5Zr alloys after hot compression deformation were analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Furthermore, the DRX mechanisms were investigated by calculating the deformation activation energy, establishing the constitutive equation, and creating a critical strain model. The results indicate that the presence of Zn element enhanced the production of DRX, considerably reduced the strength of {0001} plane texture, and boosted the Schmidt factor of nonbasal plane slip. The Mg–5Gd–3Sm–0.5Zr alloy had a low degree of DRX, manifested as a monolayer of DRX grains at the grain boundaries, and dominated by the discontinuous DRX mechanism. However, the Mg–5Gd–3Sm–1Zn–0.5Zr alloy had a high degree of DRX, which occurred in the form of multilayered DRX grains by the main mechanism of continuous DRX. Compared with the Mg–5Gd–3Sm–0.5Zr alloy, in addition to the Mg5(Gd,Sm) phase, the Mg–5Gd–3Sm–1Zn–0.5Zr alloy also introduced a new dynamic precipitation phase called (Mg,Zn)3(Gd,Sm) phase. The dynamic precipitation phase prevented grain boundary migration and dislocation motion, which promoted DRX nucleation and prevented the growth of recrystallized grains.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2938-0
Gels and conductive polymer composites, including hydrogen bonds (HBs), have emerged as promising materials for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption across various applications. However, the relationship between conduction loss in EMW-absorbing materials and charge transfer in HB remains to be fully understood. In this study, we developed a series of deep eutectic gels to fine-tune the quantity of HB by adjusting the molar ratio of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Owing to the unique properties of deep eutectic gels, the effects of magnetic loss and polarization loss on EMW attenuation can be disregarded. Our results indicate that the quantity of HB initially increases and then decreases with the introduction of EG, with HB-induced conductive loss following similar patterns. At a ChCl and EG molar ratio of 2.4, the gel labeled G22-CE2.4 exhibited the best EMW absorption performance, characterized by an effective absorption bandwidth of 8.50 GHz and a thickness of 2.54 mm. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of excellent conductive loss and impedance matching generated by the optimal number of HB. This work elucidates the role of HB in dielectric loss for the first time and provides valuable insights into the optimal design of supramolecular polymer absorbers.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01598-9
Chloroform and other volatile organic pollutants have garnered widespread attention from the public and researchers, because of their potential harm to the respiratory system, nervous system, skin, and eyes. However, research on chloroform vapor sensing is still in its early stages, primarily due to the lack of specific recognition motif. Here we report a mesoporous photonic crystal sensor incorporating carbon dots-based nanoreceptor (HMSS@CDs-PCs) for enhanced chloroform sensing. The colloidal PC packed with hollow mesoporous silica spheres provides an interconnected ordered macro-meso-hierarchical porous structure, ideal for rapid gas sensing utilizing the photonic bandgap shift as the readout signal. The as-synthesized CDs with pyridinic-N-oxide functional groups adsorbed in the hollow mesoporous silica spheres are found to not only serve as the chloroform adsorption sites, but also a molecular glue that prevents crack formation in the colloidal PC. The sensitivity of HMSS@CDs-PCs sensor is 0.79 nm ppm−1 and an impressively low limit of detection is 3.22 ppm, which are the best reported values in fast-response chloroform vapor sensor without multi-signal assistance. The positive response time is 7.5 s and the negative response time 9 s. Furthermore, relatively stable sensing can be maintained within a relative humidity of 20%–85%RH and temperature of 25–55 °C. This study demonstrates that HMSS@CDs-PCs sensors have practical application potential in indoor and outdoor chloroform vapor detection.
Nano-Micro Letters•2024•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01602-2
Ammonium level in body fluids serves as one of the critical biomarkers for healthcare, especially those relative to liver diseases. The continuous and real-time monitoring in both invasive and non-invasive manners is highly desired, while the ammonium concentrations vary largely in different body fluids. Besides, the sensing reliability based on ion-selective biosensors can be significantly interfered by potassium ions. To tackle these challenges, a flexible and biocompatible sensing patch for wireless ammonium level sensing was reported with an ultrawide linear range for universal body fluids including blood, tears, saliva, sweat and urine. The as-prepared biocompatible sensors deliver a reliable sensitivity of 58.7 mV decade−1 in the range of 1–100 mM and a desirable selectivity coefficient of 0.11 in the interference of potassium ions, attributed to the cross-calibration within the sensors array. The sensor’s biocompatibility was validated by the cell growth on the sensor surface (>80%), hemolysis rates (<5%), negligible cellular inflammatory responses and weight changes of the mice with implanted sensors. Such biocompatible sensors with ultrawide linear range and desirable selectivity open up new possibility of highly compatible biomarker analysis via different body fluids in versatile approaches.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01517-y
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the portable electronic and electrochemical energy markets since their commercialisation, whose high cost and lithium scarcity have prompted the development of other alkali-ion batteries (AIBs) including sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Owing to larger ion sizes of Na+ and K+ compared with Li+, nanocomposites with excellent crystallinity orientation and well-developed porosity show unprecedented potential for advanced lithium/sodium/potassium storage. With enticing open rigid framework structures, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) remain promising self-sacrificial templates for the preparation of various nanocomposites, whose appeal originates from the well-retained porous structures and exceptional electrochemical activities after thermal decomposition. This review focuses on the recent progress of PBA-derived nanocomposites from their fabrication, lithium/sodium/potassium storage mechanism, and applications in AIBs (LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs). To distinguish various PBA derivatives, the working mechanism and applications of PBA-templated metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, metal phosphides, and other nanocomposites are systematically evaluated, facilitating the establishment of a structure–activity correlation for these materials. Based on the fruitful achievements of PBA-derived nanocomposites, perspectives for their future development are envisioned, aiming to narrow down the gap between laboratory study and industrial reality.
Nano-Micro Letters•2024•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01516-z
Gradient magnetic heterointerfaces have injected infinite vitality in optimizing impedance matching, adjusting dielectric/magnetic resonance and promoting electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption, but still exist a significant challenging in regulating local phase evolution. Herein, accordion-shaped Co/Co3O4@N-doped carbon nanosheets (Co/Co3O4@NC) with gradient magnetic heterointerfaces have been fabricated via the cooperative high-temperature carbonization and low-temperature oxidation process. The results indicate that the surface epitaxial growth of crystal Co3O4 domains on local Co nanoparticles realizes the adjustment of magnetic-heteroatomic components, which are beneficial for optimizing impedance matching and interfacial polarization. Moreover, gradient magnetic heterointerfaces simultaneously realize magnetic coupling, and long-range magnetic diffraction. Specifically, the synthesized Co/Co3O4@NC absorbents display the strong electromagnetic wave attenuation capability of −53.5 dB at a thickness of 3.0 mm with an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.36 GHz, both are superior to those of single magnetic domains embedded in carbon matrix. This design concept provides us an inspiration in optimizing interfacial polarization, regulating magnetic coupling and promoting electromagnetic wave absorption.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01495-1
Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been considered a promising “post lithium-ion battery” system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market. However, the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg2+ in the host material, related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg2+ and host anion lattices, hinders their further development toward practical applications. Defect engineering, regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle, has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs. In this review, we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg2+ diffusion in cathode materials, from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented. Then, the positive effects of purposely introduced defects, including vacancy and doping, and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed. The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.