Comparison of partially averaged Navier-Stokes and large eddy simulation of the aerodynamic behaviors of a generic high-speed train

• PANS provides accurate predictions of HST aerodynamics even with low-resolution grids, outperforming LES in near-wall flow regions. • Both PANS and LES benefit from grid refinement, especially at small yaw angles, improving prediction accuracy. • The study validates PANS against wind tunnel experiments and fine LES, confirming its reliability for engineering applications. • PANS offers a computationally efficient alternative to LES for high-speed train aerodynamic simulations, particularly in crosswind conditions.