Radiated noise correction model for the dominant scale correlation of aerodynamic sound generation in pantograph cavity coupling system

• Scale effects in pantograph cavity coupling systems significantly influence aerodynamic noise generation, with smaller scales reducing overall radiated sound pressure levels. • The dominant sound generation mechanism transitions from pure tone noise at larger scales to broadband noise at smaller scales due to turbulent boundary layer masking. • A novel scale correction model combining sound source energy and dimensionless spectrum corrections enables accurate mapping of reduced-scale noise results to full-scale predictions. • The findings provide critical insights for developing precision noise control technologies for high-speed trains.