Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67069-0
The redox smelting of zinc leaching residue (ZLR) was investigated to determine the migration behavior and toxicity characteristics of zinc under varying anthracite addition, temperature, and holding time. The ZLR, containing 10–20 wt.% Zn, 0.5–5 wt.% Pb, and 0.1–0.5 wt.% Cd, generates TCLP leachate concentrations of Zn up to 4589.0 mg/L, far exceeding regulatory limits. Experimental results reveal that CaSO4 in the residue promotes the transformation of ZnFe2O4 into a ZnS–FeS eutectic, which hinders zinc recovery and elevates environmental risk due to its lower thermodynamic stability relative to (Fe,Zn)2SiO4, ZnFe2O4, and (ZnO)slag. At temperatures above 1573 K, the ZnS–FeS eutectic is oxidized by O2/(O)slag to ZnO(s), subsequently dissolved into the slag as chemically dissolved Zn, and finally reduced to Zn(g) by CO. Pre-desulfurization or increased oxygen potential enhances zinc volatilization. Under optimized conditions, the zinc recovery ratio reached 99.13%, and the residual zinc content in the slag decreased to 0.22 wt.%, substantially below the industrial range of 1.0–3.0 wt.%. A novel strategy integrating desulfurization pretreatment with redox smelting is proposed, which lowers the required smelting temperature and improves zinc recovery efficiency, offering a more economical and environmentally sustainable solution for ZLR treatment.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67059-8
A multi-stage heat treatment (MSHT) strategy, comprising a high-temperature short-duration water quench (WQ) followed by low-temperature long-duration furnace cooling (FC), was applied to a near-alpha Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni-2Al-1.5Zr alloy to overcome the strength-ductility tradeoff. The WQ state produced lath nano-martensite alpha-prime, residual beta-prime, and equiaxed recrystallized alpha. Subsequent FC decomposition transformed alpha-prime/beta-prime into homogeneously dispersed nano-scale alpha+beta precipitates, while equiaxed alpha coarsened via grain boundary migration. The WQ condition exhibited an ultimate tensile strength (sigma_UTS) of 610 MPa and elongation to failure (epsilon_f) of 18.2%. The WQ+400FC condition achieved a peak sigma_UTS of 791.5 MPa with epsilon_f = 16.7%, yielding a strength-ductility product (sigma_UTS * epsilon_f) of 13.2 GPa*%, a 19% improvement over the WQ state. Texture analysis revealed a duplex texture in WQ: weak {0001}//Z0 and strong {0110}//Y0, inherited after FC. The 400FC sample showed the highest lattice strain inhomogeneity, with peak kernel average misorientation (KAM) of 1.5 degrees and grain orientation spread (GOS) of 0.96 degrees, correlating with the excellent sigma_UTS. Non-basal slip systems exhibited higher Schmid factor (SF) values after heat treatment, contributing to ductility. Burgers orientation relationship (BOR) reconstruction confirmed variant selection during beta to alpha-prime transformation, with only four predominant alpha-prime variants instead of the twelve theoretically possible.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67056-2
A coupled three-dimensional cellular automata (CA) model was employed to predict hydrogen porosity in Al−Si alloy castings as a function of thermal boundary conditions. Simulations quantified porosity distribution across cooling rates from 0.25 to 50 °C/s at an initial hydrogen content of 3.0×10−3 mL/g, generating a comprehensive porosity defect database. Four machine learning algorithms—support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and gradient boosting machine (GBM)—were trained and compared for each porosity characteristic to identify the optimal model. For porosity percentage prediction, the KNN model achieved a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.94, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.035, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.022 on the test set. Experimental validation via optical microscopy confirmed that average equivalent porosity diameter and porosity percentage predictions fell within 20% error. The model demonstrates superior performance compared to single nonlinear function fits and other simulation approaches, offering a pathway to reduce simulation time while enhancing prediction accuracy for porosity size distribution in large casting components. The database and coupled CA-ML framework provide a robust tool for mapping porosity defects in industrial Al−Si castings, addressing a critical need for reliable quality control in automotive and aerospace applications.
Nano Research•2026•DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441201
During cardiovascular interventional surgeries, catheters contact vascular tissues, causing friction, collisions, and compression that may damage tissue. Surface engineering is essential to modify catheter surfaces. Effective coatings require high adhesion to prevent delamination from the inner surface, while the outer surface must provide excellent lubricity and biocompatibility. In this study, layer-by-layer (LbL) technique was employed to introduce catechol-modified chitosan (CC) and dopamine-modified oxidized hyaluronic acid (DOHA), forming a nanoscale, superhydrophilic, strongly adhesive, and biocompatible coating on cardiovascular catheters. Tight binding of CC and DOHA results from electrostatic interactions, chemical reactions, and catechol group enrichment, yielding an adhesion strength of up to 1 MPa. These CC/DOHA multilayers greatly enhance lubrication of the TPU substrate, reducing the coefficient of friction (COF) by up to 95% compared with the uncoated state. After a 30-min friction test, the COF of the CC/DOHA16 coating only slightly increased from 0.032 to 0.044, demonstrating excellent stability. Evaluations revealed a reduction in vascular intima damage from grade 5 without coating to grade 3, confirming the coating's effectiveness in minimizing friction-induced damage. The coating thickness was approximately 150 nm, and superhydrophilicity was achieved at 16 layers. These findings indicate that the CC/DOHA LbL coating offers a promising solution for improving catheter safety and performance.
Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials (含能材料)•2026•DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026021
To elucidate the influence mechanism of particle size on the ignition and combustion behavior of Al-Li-Mg alloys, four alloy powders with median diameters of 9, 13, 16, and 24 μm were systematically investigated. Physicochemical properties were characterized by laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, simultaneous thermal analysis, and oxygen bomb calorimetry. Ignition and combustion behaviors were assessed using a laser ignition test bench equipped with high-speed photography and fiber-optic spectrometry. Results show that with increasing particle size, ignition delay time first decreases sharply then stabilizes, dropping from 135 ms (9 μm) to 51 ms (13 μm), then to 15 ms (16 μm) and 18 ms (24 μm). Combustion intensity, indicated by maximum spectral intensity, decreases from 7300.4 (9 μm) to 1721.6 (24 μm). Combustion duration initially extends slightly then stabilizes, from 857 ms (9 μm) to 928 ms (13 μm) and approximately 920 ms for larger sizes. Notably, the 13 μm alloy achieves an optimal balance among ignition delay (51 ms), combustion duration (928 ms), and combustion intensity (6041.8). The study reveals a critical size effect: between 13 and 16 μm, ignition delay drops by 71% while combustion intensity decreases by 54%, indicating a transition from surface-diffusion-controlled to micro-explosion-dominated combustion. This mechanism arises from competition between heat conduction and elemental diffusion: larger particles restrict heat transfer, promoting Li and Mg surface enrichment and temperature gradients that induce micro-explosions, thereby shortening ignition delay but reducing combustion efficiency and intensity.
China Foundry•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4147-5
The effects of the high pressure die casting (HPDC) processes on porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of heat-treatment-free aluminum silicon (Al-Si) alloys have long been a focal point in automotive die-casting research. In this work, the combined effect of shot sleeve materials and slow shot speeds on porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly designed HPDC Al-Si alloy was investigated. Results show that employing a ceramic shot sleeve or increasing the slow shot speed significantly reduces both the average size and area fraction of externally solidified crystals (ESCs), as well as the average pore size and volume fraction. When the slow shot speed is increased from 0.05 m·s-1 to 0.1 m·s-1, the pore volume fraction decreases by 10.2% in steel-shot-sleeve samples, compared to a substantial 67.1% reduction in ceramic-shot-sleeve samples. At a slow shot speed of 0.1 m·s-1, castings produced with a ceramic shot sleeve exhibit superior mechanical properties: 8.3% higher yield strength, 17.4% greater tensile strength, and an 81.4% improvement in elongation, relative to those from a steel shot sleeve. These findings provide valuable insights for minimizing porosity and coarse ESCs in die castings, offering promising potential for broader industrial applications.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01996-7
The growing demand for personalized health care, smart wearables, and advanced environmental monitoring has spurred the development of multifunctional materials that combine flexibility, environmental adaptability, and diverse functionalities. However, conventional materials often failed to integrate these attributes simultaneously, hindering their applicability in next-generation technologies. Here, we present an organic–inorganic hybrid crystalline material with a unique sandwich-like architecture, in which a flexible organic crystal core is encased by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). This strategic integration endows the material with fluorescence, cryogenic flexibility, and electrical conductivity, while also enabling dual sensing and actuation capabilities. The rGO layer facilitates real-time humidity (25–90% RH) and temperature (25–180 °C) sensing through environmental interactions, whereas the differential thermal expansion between TPU and the flexible crystal core drives efficient photothermal actuation at −150 °C for advanced thermal regulation. The hybrid material exhibits stable performance under extreme conditions, making it a promising candidate for biomedical monitoring, flexible electronics, and energy applications. This work establishes hybrid crystalline materials as versatile and scalable platforms for addressing complex technological demands, paving the way for their application in next-generation multifunctional devices.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6256-8
This study integrates true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments with finite-discrete element method (FDEM) numerical simulation to systematically investigate the control mechanisms of interface strength and inclination angle on hydraulic fracture propagation in coal measure strata under different in-situ stress conditions. The results indicate that the fracture propagation path at the rock interface is jointly controlled by the interface strength coefficient (η), the interface inclination angle (θ), and the vertical stress difference coefficient (k). When fractures propagate from soft rock to hard rock, the interface strength coefficient (η) plays a dominant role. The larger the η is, the more likely the hydraulic fracture is to penetrate the interface along the direction of vertical stress. Conversely, when fractures propagate from hard rock to soft rock, vertical stress primarily controls the propagation path. A larger vertical stress difference coefficient promotes interface crossing, while a smaller coefficient tends to cause the fracture to extend laterally along the interface. The interface inclination angle influences the magnitude and direction of the vertical stress component along the interface. A smaller θ facilitates interface penetration by hydraulic fractures, whereas a larger θ leads to fracture propagation along the interface. The complexity of the hydraulic fracture network increases with higher k and θ . Moreover, the complexity of hydraulic fracture morphology exhibits a non-monotonic trend, initially decreasing and then increasing with rising k and θ. This research provides an important theoretical basis for the design and control of hydraulic fracturing in coal measure strata.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01951-6
Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency. However, interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge, leading to charge recombination, ion migration, and iodine oxidation. To address this, we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane (BNH6) as a multifunctional complex. By incorporating BNH6 at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously, we achieve dual-interfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms: (1) hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO2, (2) coordination with Pb2+, and (3) inhibition of I− oxidation. This approach significantly enhances device performance, yielding a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.43% (certified 25.98%). Furthermore, the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability, maintaining 90% of its initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination. Notably, our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments, streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.
International Journal of Mining Science and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.004
Early prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion have emerged as a critical research area in coal mine safety. Due to their sustainability and environmental friendliness, microorganisms have gained attention. A filamentous fungus was collected in the coal mine and identified as Absidia spinosa. Results indicated that the mycelium effectively covered and repaired many coal pores. The oxygen consumption ratio of A. spinosa was higher in coal-containing environments than in coal-free conditions. The fungus significantly impacted aliphatic functional groups, disrupting bridging bonds and side chains connected to aromatic structures and reducing the relative content of CAO bonds. Additionally, A. spinosa increases the ignition temperature by 25.34 °C. The total heat release was decreased by approximately 32.58 %, and the activation energies were increased. The genome of Absidia spinosa revealed genes related to oxygen consumption, small molecule degradation, and secretion of metabolic products, such as those annotated under GO ID: 0140657, etc. The pathways involved in the degradation of small organic molecules (e.g., ko00626, etc.), carbon fixation, and nitrogen cycling, all linked to coal decomposition. Through oxygen consumption and the alteration of coal-active structures, A. spinosa effectively inhibits CSC, providing an experimental basis for exploring eco-friendly biological control methods in the goaf.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01839-5
The emerging interfacial polarization strategy exhibits applicative potential in piezoelectric enhancement. However, there is an ongoing effort to address the inherent limitations arising from charge bridging phenomena and stochastic interface disorder that plague the improvement of piezoelectric performance. Here, we report a dual structure reinforced MXene/PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric composite, whose piezoelectricity is enhanced under the coupling effect of interfacial polarization and structural design. Synergistically, molecular dynamics simulations, density functional theory calculations and experimental validation revealed the details of interfacial interactions, which promotes the net spontaneous polarization of PVDF-TrFE from the 0.56 to 31.41 Debye. The oriented MXene distribution and porous structure not only tripled the piezoelectric response but also achieved an eightfold increase in sensitivity within the low-pressure region, along with demonstrating cyclic stability exceeding 20,000 cycles. The properties reinforcement originating from dual structure is elucidated through the finite element simulation and experimental validation. Attributed to the excellent piezoelectric response and deep learning algorithm, the sensor can effectively recognize the signals of artery pulse and finger flexion. Finally, a 3×3 sensor array is fabricated to monitor the pressure distribution wirelessly. This study provides an innovative methodology for reinforcing interfacial polarized piezoelectric materials and insight into structural designs.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01838-6
Scalable fabrication of efficient wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is crucial to realize the full commercial potential of tandem solar cells. However, there are challenges in fabricating efficient methylammonium-free (MA-free) WBG PSCs by blade coating, especially its phase separation and films stability. In this work, an MA-free WBG perovskite ink is developed for preparing FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.75Br0.25)3 films by blade coating in ambient air. Among various A-site iodides, RbI is found to be the most effective in suppressing the precipitation of PbI2 induced by Pb(SCN)2 while keeping the enlarged grains. The distribution of Rb suggested that the Rb ions are kept isolated with the perovskite grains during the crystallization and Ostwald ripening processes, which contributes to the formation of the large-grain WBG perovskite film with minimum non-radiative recombination. As a result, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.0% was achieved on small-area WBG PSCs, while mini-modules with an aperture area of 10.5 cm2 exhibited a PCE of 20.2%, among the highest reported for solar cells prepared with WBG perovskites via blade coating. This work presents a scalable and reproducible fabrication strategy for stable MA-free WBG PSCs under ambient conditions, advancing their path toward commercialization.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01817-x
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells achieve remarkable efficiencies (> 26%) yet face stability challenges. Quasi-2D alternating-cation-interlayer perovskites offer enhanced stability through hydrophobic spacer cations but suffer from vertical phase segregation and buried interface defects. Herein, we introduce dicyanodiamide (DCD) to simultaneously address these dual limitations in GA(MA)nPbnI3n+1 perovskites. The guanidine group in DCD passivates undercoordinated Pb2+ and MA+ vacancies at the perovskite/TiO2 interface, while cyano groups eliminate oxygen vacancies in TiO2 via Ti4+–CN coordination, reducing interfacial trap density by 73% with respect to the control sample. In addition, DCD regulates crystallization kinetics, suppressing low-n-phase aggregation and promoting vertical alignment of high-n phases, which benefit for carrier transport. This dual-functional modification enhances charge transport and stabilizes energy-level alignment. The optimized devices achieve a record power conversion efficiency of 21.54% (vs. 19.05% control) and retain 94% initial efficiency after 1200 h, outperforming unmodified counterparts (84% retention). Combining defect passivation with phase homogenization, this work establishes a molecular bridge strategy to decouple stability-efficiency trade-offs in low-dimensional perovskites, providing a universal framework for interface engineering in high-performance optoelectronics.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01808-y
Micro-silicon (Si) anode that features high theoretical capacity and fine tap density is ideal for energy-dense lithium-ion batteries. However, the substantial localized mechanical strain caused by the large volume expansion often results in electrode disintegration and capacity loss. Herein, a microporous Si anode with the SiOx/C layer functionalized all-surface and high tap density (~0.65 g cm⁻3) is developed by the hydrolysis-driven strategy that avoids the common use of corrosive etchants and toxic siloxane reagents. The functionalized inner pore with superior structural stability can effectively alleviate the volume change and enhance the electrolyte contact. Simultaneously, the outer particle surface forms a continuous network that prevents electrolyte parasitic decomposition, disperses the interface stress of Si matrix and facilitates electron/ion transport. As a result, the micron-sized Si anode shows only ~9.94 GPa average stress at full lithiation state and delivers an impressive capacity of 901.1 mAh g⁻1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻1. It also performs excellent rate performance of 1123.0 mAh g⁻1 at 5 A g⁻1 and 850.4 at 8 A g⁻1, far exceeding most of reported literatures. Furthermore, when paired with a commercial LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, the pouch cell demonstrates high capacity and desirable cyclic performance.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01797-y
Solid-state batteries are widely recognized as the next-generation energy storage devices with high specific energy, high safety, and high environmental adaptability. However, the research and development of solid-state batteries are resource-intensive and time-consuming due to their complex chemical environment, rendering performance prediction arduous and delaying large-scale industrialization. Artificial intelligence serves as an accelerator for solid-state battery development by enabling efficient material screening and performance prediction. This review will systematically examine how the latest progress in using machine learning (ML) algorithms can be used to mine extensive material databases and accelerate the discovery of high-performance cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials suitable for solid-state batteries. Furthermore, the use of ML technology to accurately estimate and predict key performance indicators in the solid-state battery management system will be discussed, among which are state of charge, state of health, remaining useful life, and battery capacity. Finally, we will summarize the main challenges encountered in the current research, such as data quality issues and poor code portability, and propose possible solutions and development paths. These will provide clear guidance for future research and technological reiteration.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01773-6
Crystallographic engineering of Zn anodes to favor the exposure of (002) planes is an effective approach for improving stability in aqueous electrolytes. However, achieving non-epitaxial electrodeposition with a pronounced (002) texture and maintaining this orientation during extended cycling remains challenging. This study questions the prevailing notion that a single (002)-textured Zn anode inherently ensures superior stability, showing that such anodes cannot sustain their texture in ZnSO4 electrolytes. We then introduced a novel electrolyte additive, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC), which preserves the (002) texture over prolonged cycling. Furthermore, we successfully converted commercial Zn foils into highly crystalline (002)-textured Zn without any pretreatment. Experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that the cationic TEBA+ selectively adsorbs onto the anode surface, promoting the exposure of the Zn(002) plane and suppressing dendrite formation. A critical discovery was the pitting corrosion caused by chloride ions from TEBAC, which we mitigated by anion substitution. This modification leads to a remarkable lifespan of 375 days for the Zn||Zn symmetric cells at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, a TEBA+-modified Zn||VO2 full cell demonstrates high specific capacity and robust cycle stability at 10.0 A g−1. These results provide valuable insights and strategies for developing long-life Zn ion batteries.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01757-6
Bimodal pressure sensors capable of simultaneously detecting static and dynamic forces are essential to medical detection and bio-robotics. However, conventional pressure sensors typically integrate multiple operating mechanisms to achieve bimodal detection, leading to complex device architectures and challenges in signal decoupling. In this work, we address these limitations by leveraging the unique piezotronic effect of Y-ion-doped ZnO to develop a bimodal piezotronic sensor (BPS) with a simplified structure and enhanced sensitivity. Through a combination of finite element simulations and experimental validation, we demonstrate that the BPS can effectively monitor both dynamic and static forces, achieving an on/off ratio of 1029, a gauge factor of 23,439 and a static force response duration of up to 600 s, significantly outperforming the performance of conventional piezoelectric sensors. As a proof-of-concept, the BPS demonstrates the continuous monitoring of Achilles tendon behavior under mixed dynamic and static loading conditions. Aided by deep learning algorithms, the system achieves 96% accuracy in identifying Achilles tendon movement patterns, thus enabling warnings for dangerous movements. This work provides a viable strategy for bimodal force monitoring, highlighting its potential in wearable electronics.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01734-z
As environmental pollutants pose a serious threat to socioeconomic and environmental health, the development of simple, efficient, accurate and cost-effective methods for pollution monitoring and control remains a major challenge, but it is an unavoidable issue. In the past decade, the artificial nanozymes have been widely used for environmental pollutant monitoring and control, because of their low cost, high stability, easy mass production, etc. However, the conventional nanozyme technology faces significant challenges in terms of difficulty in regulating the exposed crystal surface, complex composition, low catalytic activity, etc. In contrast, the emerging single-atom nanozymes (SANs) have attracted much attention in the field of environmental monitoring and control, due to their multiple advantages of atomically dispersed active sites, high atom utilization efficiency, tunable coordination environment, etc. To date, the insufficient efforts have been made to comprehensively characterize the applications of SANs in the monitoring and control of environmental pollutants. Building on the recent advances in the field, this review systematically summarizes the main synthesis methods of SANs and highlights their advances in the monitoring and control of environmental pollutants. Finally, we critically evaluate the limitations and challenges of SANs, and provide the insights into their future prospects for the monitoring and control of environmental pollutants.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01695-3
Ammonia and nitric acid, versatile industrial feedstocks, and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development. However, Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes, which generates carbon dioxide as massive by-product, contribute to greenhouse effects and pose environmental challenges. Thus, the pursuit of nitrogen fixation through carbon–neutral pathways under benign conditions is a frontier of scientific topics, with the harnessing of solar energy emerging as an enticing and viable option. This review delves into the refinement strategies for scale-up mild photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, fields ripe with potential for innovation. The narrative is centered on enhancing the intrinsic capabilities of catalysts to surmount current efficiency barriers. Key focus areas include the in-depth exploration of fundamental mechanisms underpinning photocatalytic procedures, rational element selection, and functional planning, state-of-the-art experimental protocols for understanding photo-fixation processes, valid photocatalytic activity evaluation, and the rational design of catalysts. Furthermore, the review offers a suite of forward-looking recommendations aimed at propelling the advancement of mild nitrogen photo-fixation. It scrutinizes the existing challenges and prospects within this burgeoning domain, aspiring to equip researchers with insightful perspectives that can catalyze the evolution of cutting-edge nitrogen fixation methodologies and steer the development of next-generation photocatalytic systems.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01630-y
Finding ways to produce dense and smooth perovskite films with negligible defects is vital for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we aim to enhance the quality of the perovskite films through the utilization of a multifunctional additive in the perovskite anti-solvent, a strategy referred to as anti-solvent additive engineering. Specifically, we introduce ortho-substituted-4′-(4,4″-di-tert-butyl-1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl)-graphdiyne (o-TB-GDY) as an AAE additive, characterized by its sp/sp2-cohybridized and highly π-conjugated structure, into the anti-solvent. o-TB-GDY not only significantly passivates undercoordinated lead defects (through potent coordination originating from specific high π–electron conjugation), but also serves as nucleation seeds to effectively enhance the nucleation and growth of perovskite crystals. This markedly reduces defects and non-radiative recombination, thereby increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 25.62% (certified as 25.01%). Meanwhile, the PSCs exhibit largely enhanced stability, maintaining 92.6% of their initial PCEs after 500 h continuous 1-sun illumination at ~23 °C in a nitrogen-filled glove box.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-07)
Conventional lignin-based carbons typically have sluggish ion transport and a limited number of active sites, which restrict their performance as electrodes in supercapacitors. A Moiré-like morphology was engineered by the in-situ deposition of lignin carbon onto DVD matrix onto lignin carbon for the fabrication of a photo-assisted supercapacitor (PASC). The Moiré-like structure modulates light propagation across different frequencies by dispersion effects, thereby increasing surface light absorption and improving the electrochemical performance of the PASC. Under illumination, the carbon has a specific capacitance of 253.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, corresponding to a 35.6% improvement over one without this grating surface (186.9 F g−1). A symmetrical capacitor using this material has an areal capacitance of 58.84 mF cm−2 and an energy density of 4.46 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 365.2 W kg−1, maintaining 85.2% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles, thus demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This work suggests a cost-effective strategy to simultaneously improve the light-harvesting ability and capacitive performance of PASCs.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-05)
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) hold promise for large-scale energy storage, necessitating the development of high-performance anode materials. Carbons with the advantage of structural versatility, are recognized as the most promising anode materials for their commercialization, however the relationship between the carbon anode structure and its electrochemical performance remains unclear. A series of pitch-based soft carbons with different structures were fabricated using carbonization temperatures in the range 600–1400 °C, and their changes in carbon configuration and K-storage performance as a function of carbonization temperature were investigated. Correlations between the carbon crystal size and the low-potential plateau region capacity and between the degree of structural disorder of the carbons with their sloping region capacity were revealed. Among all samples, that obtained by carbonization at 700 °C had a relatively high degree of disorder and a large interlayer spacing, and had a high reversible capacity of 329.4 mAh g−1 with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 72.81%, and maintained a high capacity of 144.2 mAh g−1 at the current rate of 5 C. These findings improve our fundamental understanding of the K-storage process in carbon anodes, and thus facilitate the advance of PIBs.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-01)
The quest for sustainable energy storage solutions is more critical than ever, with the rise in global energy demand and the urgency of transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their exceptional electrical conductivity and structural integrity, are at the forefront of this endeavor, offering promising ways for the advance of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices. This review provides an analysis of the synthesis, properties, and applications of CNTs in the context of EES. We explore the evolution of CNT synthesis methods, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition, and highlight the recent developments in metal-organic framework-derived CNTs and a novel CNT aggregate with a three-dimensional ordered macroporous structure. We also examine the role of CNTs in improving the performance of various EES devices such as lithium-ion, lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, sodium, and flexible batteries as well as supercapacitors. We underscore the challenges that remain, including the scalability of CNT synthesis and the integration of CNTs in electrode materials, and propose potential solutions and future research directions. The review presents a forward-looking perspective on the pivotal role of CNTs in shaping the future of sustainable EES technologies.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-04)
A transformation of naphthalene-based coalescenced mesophase pitch (NMP) to mesophase microbeads was achieved by heating a mixture of NMP and fullerene (C60). This is different from the conventional process of the liquid-phase carbonization of isotropic pitch to the emergence of carbon microbeads in the matrix and finally their growth to form a 100% anisotropic bulk mesophase, but rather a reverse transformation. The effects of C60 loading and reaction temperature on the morphological transformation of mesophase were investigated by polarizing optical and scanning electron microscopies. The physical changes in the NMP induced by C60 were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the coalesced NMP can be converted to a spherical type at 300–320 °C with the addition of 5% C60, and the size of the mesophase microbeads increases with increasing temperature. Furthermore, a model is established to explain the unique induction effect of C60 in the transformation process. This work makes the morphological transformation of MP controllable, and provides a new idea for the understanding and research of mesophase pitch.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-08)
Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) typically feature a hybrid design, incorporating a battery-type anode that operates by faradaic redox reactions and an activated carbon cathode that functions through electrical double-layer (EDL) adsorption/desorption. However, the kinetics of faradaic processes are inherently slower than those of EDL processes, leading to a fundamental problem known as kinetic imbalance between the electrodes, which hinders the development of high-performance SICs. To address this, we synthesized composites of bismuth nanoparticles in N-doped carbon (Bi@NC) by a high-temperature sintering method. The resulting Bi@NC anode has a specific capacity of 300 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, an exceptional rate capability (maintaining performance at currents exceeding 75 A g−1), and outstanding cycling stability over 12,000 cycles. Three-electrode Swagelok cell tests revealed that this high-rate Bi@NC composite effectively decreases the kinetic gap with the activated carbon cathode, as shown by an analysis of their respective potential swing windows (vs. Na/Na+). This enables the fabricated SIC to achieve a maximum energy density of 115 Wh kg−1, a peak power density of 45,535 W kg−1, and a long cycle life exceeding 8,000 cycles.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-02)
With the development of electronics and portable devices, there is a significant drive to develop electrode materials for supercapacitors that are lightweight, economical, and provide high energy and power densities. Lignin-based porous carbons have recently been extensively studied for energy storage applications because of their characteristics of large specific surface area, easy doping, and high conductivity. Significant progress in the synthesis of porous carbons derived from lignin, using different strategies for their preparation and modification with heteroatoms, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and conductive polymers is considered and their electrochemical performances and ion storage mechanisms are discussed. Considerable focus is directed towards the challenges encountered in using lignin-based porous carbons and the ways to optimize specific capacity and energy density for supercapacitor applications. Finally, the limitations of existing technologies and research directions for improving the performance of lignin-based carbons are discussed.
Atomic Energy Science and Technology (原子能科学技术)•2025•DOI: 10.7538/yzk.2025.youxian.0449
The single-event susceptibility of three silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) power devices structures (planar, trench and double trench) is researched by the technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation. Comparative analysis of the heavy-ion irradiation effects on three device structures reveals distinct susceptibility characteristics. The gate oxide region is identified as the most sensitive position in planar devices, while trench and double-trench structures exhibit no localized sensitive regions. Furthermore, the single-event susceptibility demonstrates strong depth dependence across all three structures, with enhanced vulnerability observed at greater ion penetration depths.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66954-8
In order to overcome the embrittlement of metastable titanium alloys caused by the precipitation of ωiso phase during aging, regulation of isothermal ω precipitation was investigated in Ti−15Mo alloy. The results show that the sample is brittle when direct aging (A) is applied at 350 °C for 1 h after solution treatment (ST). If pre-deformation (D) is performed on the ST sample to induce {332} twins and secondary α′′ phase, subsequent aging at 350 °C (STDA350) improves the strength to 931 MPa with a good ductility of about 20% maintained. However, when aging is performed at 400 °C or 450 °C (STDA400/450), the strength can be further improved, but the ductility is dramatically reduced. Atomic-scale characterizations show that the partial collapse of ω phase in the STDA350 sample effectively eliminates aging-induced embrittlement, but complete collapse leads to poor ductility in the STDA400/450 sample.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020034
Robotic computing systems play an important role in enabling intelligent robotic tasks through intelligent algorithms and supporting hardware. In recent years, the evolution of robotic algorithms indicates a roadmap from traditional robotics to hierarchical and end-to-end models. This algorithmic advancement poses a critical challenge in achieving balanced system-wide performance. Therefore, algorithm-hardware co-design has emerged as the primary methodology, which analyzes algorithm behaviors on hardware to identify common computational properties. These properties can motivate algorithm optimization to reduce computational complexity and hardware innovation from architecture to circuit for high performance and high energy efficiency. We then reviewed recent works on robotic and embodied AI algorithms and computing hardware to demonstrate this algorithm-hardware co-design methodology. In the end, we discuss future research opportunities by answering two questions: (1) how to adapt the computing platforms to the rapid evolution of embodied AI algorithms, and (2) how to transform the potential of emerging hardware innovations into end-to-end inference improvements.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050802
This preface introduces the Special Topic on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications 2024, featuring expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications (ICTA), held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, from October 25 to 27, 2024. Among 115 papers presented, four high-quality articles were selected covering RF IC, Analog IC, and Wireline IC. The RF IC papers include a battery-free wireless temperature sensing chip for food production environment monitoring, achieving ±1.6°C accuracy from 25 to 50°C, and a two-way series Doherty power amplifier with distributed impedance inverting network for millimeter-wave applications, achieving 15.5 GHz bandwidth and 21.2 dB peak gain at 34.2 GHz. The Analog IC paper presents a high-precision bandgap reference with ultra-low temperature coefficient of 2.69 ppm/°C and line sensitivity of 0.0042%/V for battery management systems. The Wireline IC paper introduces a 112 Gbps DSP-based PAM4 SerDes receiver with wideband equalization tuning analog front-end, achieving 17.5 dB peaking tuning range and 6×10^-9 BER with 29.6 dB insertion loss channel. These articles highlight recent advances in integrated circuit design and applications.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.010
The spatiotemporal characterization of plume sedimentation and microorganisms is critical for developing plume ecological monitoring models. To address the limitations of traditional methods in obtaining high-quality sediment, a novel sampling system with 6000 m operational capability and three-month endurance was developed. It is equipped with three sediment samplers and a set of formaldehyde preservation solution injection devices. The system is controlled by a low-power, timing-triggered controller. To investigate low-disturbance rheological mechanisms, gap-controlled rheological tests were conducted to optimize the structural design of the sampling and sealing assembly. Stress-controlled shear rheological tests were employed to investigate the mechanisms governing yield stress in sediments under varying temperature conditions and boundary roughness. Additionally, the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method and sediment rheological constitutive models were employed to simulate tube-soil interaction dynamics and sediment disturbance. The radial heterogeneity of sediment disturbance and friction variation of the sampling tube were revealed. The tube was completely "plugged" at a penetration depth of 261 mm, providing critical data support for penetration depth parameters. The deep-sea pressure test and South China Sea field trials demonstrated the system's capability to collect and preserve quantitative time-series sediment samples with high fidelity.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.002
The stability of rock slopes is frequently controlled by the initiation and propagation of inherent dominant cracks. This study systematically investigated these processes in valley slopes by combining fracture-mechanics analysis with transparent soil model tests. An analytical expression for the stress field at the dominant crack tip was derived from the slope stress distribution by superposing the corresponding stress intensity factors (SIFs). The theoretical predictions were then validated against observations from transparent soil model tests. The influences of slope angle (β), crack inclination angle (α), crack position parameter (b), and crack length parameter (l) on crack initiation and propagation were quantified. The results indicated that: (1) cracks at the slope crest tended to propagate in shear mode, and the shear crack initiation angle (θs) was approximately 8°. Cracks at the slope toe might propagate in either tensile or shear mode. (2) θs at the slope crest increased with β, b, and l, and decreased with α. The maximum change in θs induced by the considered parameters was approximately 30°. (3) The tensile crack initiation angle (θt) at the slope toe decreased with β, α, and l, while the influence of b was comparatively minor. The maximum change in θt caused by individual parameters ranged approximately from 25° to 60°. Predicted crack propagation modes and directions showed good agreement with experimental results. These findings provide theoretical guidance for stability assessments of valley slopes controlled by dominant crack propagation.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3167-x
The heteroepitaxy of diamond films has received widespread attention; however, its application remains limited owing to the mismatch in properties and structure between diamond and heterogeneous substrates. In this study, diamond films were successfully synthesized on high-entropy alloys (HEAs) substrates using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The resulting diamond films were continuous, uniform, and adhered to the HEAs substrates. The mixed carbides were identified using X-ray diffraction, and the quality of the diamond films was examined using Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the corrosion test revealed that the diamond/TiZrHfMo samples had excellent electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance with a corrosion potential value of −0.169 V in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. A multiple regression model was established to evaluate the effects of the structure and growth parameters, which confirmed that the mixing entropy significantly affected the grain size and corrosion properties.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01306-7
Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely used in fields such as new energy, military radar, and aerospace due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. The surface micro-grooves of SiC can enhance the performance of micro-electro-mechanical systems, micro-sensors, and field-effect transistors. However, SiC, being a brittle and hard material, poses challenges for traditional machining methods like micro-groove machining and chemical etching, including sub-surface damage, short tool life, and low processing efficiency. This paper investigates the processing characteristics of femtosecond laser machining of SiC micro-grooves and compares them with those of single-crystal Si. The results indicate that femtosecond laser ablation of SiC primarily leads to melting and vaporization, forming modification, melted, and ablation areas in the affected area. Femtosecond laser processing of SiC micro-grooves involves three processes: heat absorption and melting, vaporization, and chipping, with vaporization as the primary material removal mechanism. The depth and width of SiC micro-grooves are positively correlated with pulse energy (Ep), pulse overlap rate (PO), and number of passes (Npass). The bottom roughness of the micro-grooves is positively correlated with Ep, negatively correlated with PO, and less affected by changes in the Npass. These findings further elucidate the material removal and micro-groove formation mechanisms of SiC under femtosecond laser irradiation, providing theoretical insights for high-quality and high-efficiency processing of SiC micro-grooves.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01297-5
With the advent of in-wheel motors and corner modules, the structure of vehicle chassis subsystems has shifted from traditionally centralized to distributed. This review focuses on the distributed chassis system (DCS) equipped with corner modules. It first provides a comprehensive summary and description of the revolution of the structure and control methods of vehicle chassis systems (including driving, braking, suspension, and steering systems). Given that DCS integrates various chassis subsystems, this review moves beyond individual subsystem analysis and delves into the coordination of these subsystems at the vehicle level. It provides a detailed summary of the methods and architectures used for integrated coordination and control, ensuring that multiple subsystems can function seamlessly as an integrated whole. Finally, this review summarizes the latest distributed control architecture for DCS. It also examines current control theories in the fields of control and information technology for distributed systems, such as multi-agent systems and cyber-physical systems. Based on these two control approaches, a multi-domain cooperative control framework for DCS is proposed.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01188-9
Microneedle (MN) is a medical device containing an array of needles with a micrometer-scale. It can penetrate the human stratum corneum painlessly and efficiently for treatment and diagnosis purposes. Currently, the materials commonly used to manufacture MNs include silicon, polymers, ceramics and metals. Metallic MNs (MMNs) have drawn significant attention owing to its superior mechanical properties, machinability, and biocompatibility. This paper is a state-of-the-art review of the structure, fabrication technologies, and applications of MMNs. According to the relative position of the axis of MN and the plane of the substrate, MMNs can be divided into in-plane and out-of-plane. Solid, hollow, coated and porous MMNs are also employed to characterize their internal and surface structures. Until now, numerous fabrication technologies, including cutting tool machining, non-traditional machining, etching, hot-forming, and additive manufacturing, have been used to fabricate MMNs. The recent advances in the application of MMNs in drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and cosmetology are also discussed in-depth. Finally, the shortcomings in the fabrication and application of MMNs and future directions for development are highlighted.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6052-x
Indium (In) has been used as a thermal interface material (TIM1) in high-performance central processing unit (CPU) for better heat dissipation. However, leakage or pump-out of liquid indium during the multiple reflow cycles limits its application in advanced flip chip ball gray array (FCBGA) packaging. Former researchers place a seal or dam structure to prevent In leakage, leading to the risk of In explosion, thermal degradation, or require additional keep-out zones. In this work, a copper foam (CF) matrix was embedded in In to absorb the liquid In and eliminate the leakage of In TIM1 during the multiple reflow cycles, as the CF capillary force. Au/Ni/Cu-Au/Ni/Cu joint was fabricated by soldering with the composite solder at 190 ℃ for 2 min. After reflow cycles, good metallurgical bonding was formed at interfaces of joint. Rod-like Cu11In9 formed at the CF and In interface, due to the re-dissolved of Cu11In9 crystal. Small amount of Cu atoms from CF can reduce the activity of In, which inhibits the growth of Ni3In7 intermetallic compound (IMC) at the interface of In and Au/Ni/Cu substrate. The CF matrix also improved the shear strength (22.9%) and thermal conductivity of the solder joints. Besides, the fracture behavior of solder joints without CF matrix was classified to be ductile type while that with CF matrix was changed to be ductile-brittle mixed type.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6112-2
This study investigates the effects of varying Sc content on phase composition, corrosion resistance and passive film characteristic of Al1.2CoCrFeNiScx (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) high-entropy alloys in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The addition of Sc causes the alloys to form a Laves phase which is a (Ni, Co)2Sc intermetallic compound with face centred cubic (FCC) structure and lattice parameter of 0.695 nm. During the potentiodynamic polarization process, Laves phase is severely corroded due to its large grain orientation spread value and high electrochemical activity. Sc deteriorates the corrosion resistance of the alloy primarily by significantly accelerating the corrosion rate rather than altering the corrosion tendency. Al1.2CoCrFeNiScx alloys exhibit poorer corrosion resistance in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 than in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, with severe intergranular corrosion observed on the alloy surface. The passive films on Sc-free alloys primarily composed of Al2O3 and Cr2O3, while for Sc-containing alloys, the film mainly contains Al2O3, Cr2O3 and Sc2O3. In addition, the passive films on Sc-free alloys behave as an n-type semiconductor, while the passive films on Sc-containing alloys surface exhibit the electronic characteristics of p-n junctions. As the Sc content rises, the defect density in passive film increases from 1021 cm−3 to 1023 cm−3, which leads to a less compact and less protective passive film, ultimately decreasing the alloy’s corrosion resistance. This work holds significant guiding significance for the engineering application of high-entropy alloys in acidic environments and is conducive to the development of high-performance corrosion-resistant alloys.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3096-8
Red mud is a kind of industrial waste residue produced in the process of alumina production, which has strong suspension and is difficult to precipitate and filter. This study compared the effects of 4 kinds of filter aids, including CaCl2, polymerized ferrous sulfate (PFS), steel slag (SS), and Portland cement (PC), on the filtration rate, filter cake moisture content, and Na2O content of red mud slurry. At a dosage of 10 g·L‒1, the filtration effects were in the following order: PFS > CaCl2 > SS > PC. Under the combination of 5 g·L‒1 SS and 5 g·L‒1 PC, the better filtration effect was achieved with a filtration time of 205.17 s, which was reduced by 58.52% compared to the original red mud. The combined use of SS and PC exhibits better advantages in terms of cost and filtration effect. This study provides a data foundation for the rapid filtration of red mud slurry. The use of SS and PC as filter aids for red mud holds broad application prospects.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3275-7
High-entropy materials (HEMs), an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry, have recently garnered considerable attention in energy storage applications. While their multi-element compositions (five or more principal elements in nearly equiatomic proportions) confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy, lattice distortion, and synergistic cocktail effects, the fundamental understanding of structure–property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies. This review addresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts. We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’ thermodynamic/kinetic stabilization principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties, integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics. By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassium-ion battery components, we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity. Notably, we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces, demonstrating their unique potential in stabilizing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution. Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven composition screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges, including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation. This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advancing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3201-z
The performance of the fuel electrode in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is crucial to facilitating fuel gas electrolysis and is the key determinant of overall electrolysis efficiency. Nevertheless, the commercialization of integrated CO2–H2O electrolysis in SOEC remains constrained by suboptimal catalytic efficiency and long-term stability limitations inherent to conventional fuel electrode architectures. A novel high-entropy Sr2FeTi0.2Cr0.2Mn0.2Mo0.2Co0.2O6−δ (SFTCMMC) was proposed as a prospective electrode material of co-electrolysis in this work. The physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance in the co-electrolysis reaction were investigated. Full cell is capable of electrolyzing H2O and CO2 effectively with an applied voltage. The effects of temperature, H2O and CO2 concentrations, and applied voltage on the electrochemical performance of Sc0.18Zr0.82O2−δ (SSZ)-electrolyte supported SOEC were investigated by varying the operating conditions. The SOEC obtains a favorable electrolysis current density of 1.47 A·cm−2 under co-electrolysis condition at 850°C with 1.5 V. Furthermore, the cell maintains stable performance for 150 h at 1.3 V, and throughout this period, no carbon deposition is detected. The promising findings suggest that the high-entropy SFTCMMC perovskite is a viable fuel electrode candidate for efficient H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3114-x
Digital modeling and autonomous control of the die forging process are significant challenges in realizing high-quality intelligent forging of components. Using the die forging of AA2014 aluminum alloy as a case study, a machine-learning-assisted method for digital modeling of the forging force and autonomous control in response to forging parameter disturbances was proposed. First, finite element simulations of the forging processes were conducted under varying friction factors, die temperatures, billet temperatures, and forging velocities, and the sample data, including process parameters and forging force under different forging strokes, were gathered. Prediction models for the forging force were established using the support vector regression algorithm. The prediction error of Ff, that is, the forging force required to fill the die cavity fully, was as low as 4.1%. To further improve the prediction accuracy of the model for the actual Ff, two rounds of iterative forging experiments were conducted using the Bayesian optimization algorithm, and the prediction error of Ff in the forging experiments was reduced from 6.0% to 1.5%. Finally, the prediction model of Ff combined with a genetic algorithm was used to establish an autonomous optimization strategy for the forging velocity at each stage of the forging stroke, when the billet and die temperatures were disturbed, which realized the autonomous control in response to disturbances. In cases of −20 or −40°C reductions in the die and billet temperatures, forging experiments conducted with the autonomous optimization strategy maintained the measured Ff around the target value of 180 t, with the relative error ranging from −1.3% to +3.1%. This work provides a reference for the study of digital modeling and autonomous optimization control of quality factors in the forging process.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01590-3
Designing and fabricating a compatible low-reflectivity electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding/high-temperature resistant infrared stealth material possesses a critical significance in the field of military. Hence, a hierarchical polyimide (PI) nonwoven fabric is fabricated by alkali treatment, in-situ growth of magnetic particles and "self-activated" electroless Ag plating process. Especially, the hierarchical impedance matching can be constructed by systematically assembling Fe3O4/Ag-loaded PI nonwoven fabric (PFA) and pure Ag-coated PI nonwoven fabric (PA), endowing it with an ultralow-reflectivity EMI shielding performance. In addition, thermal insulation of fluffy three-dimensional (3D) space structure in PFA and low infrared emissivity of PA originated from Ag plating bring an excellent infrared stealth performance. More importantly, the strong bonding interaction between Fe3O4, Ag, and PI fiber improves thermal stability in EMI shielding and high-temperature resistant infrared stealth performance. Such excellent comprehensive performance makes it promising for military tents to protect internal equipment from electromagnetic interference stemmed from adjacent equipment and/or enemy, and inhibit external infrared detection.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01496-0
The design and fabrication of high toughness electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite films with diminished reflection are an imperative task to solve electromagnetic pollution problem. Ternary MXene/ANF (aramid nanofibers)–MoS2 composite films with nacre-like layered structure here are fabricated after the introduction of MoS2 into binary MXene/ANF composite system. The introduction of MoS2 fulfills an impressive “kill three birds with one stone” improvement effect: lubrication toughening mechanical performance, reduction in secondary reflection pollution of electromagnetic wave, and improvement in the performance of photothermal conversion. After the introduction of MoS2 into binary MXene/ANF (mass ratio of 50:50), the strain to failure and tensile strength increase from 22.1 ± 1.7% and 105.7 ± 6.4 MPa and to 25.8 ± 0.7% and 167.3 ± 9.1 MPa, respectively. The toughness elevates from 13.0 ± 4.1 to 26.3 ± 0.8 MJ m−3 (~102.3%) simultaneously. And the reflection shielding effectiveness (SER) of MXene/ANF (mass ratio of 50:50) decreases ~10.8%. EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) elevates to 41.0 dB (8.2–12.4 GHz); After the introduction of MoS2 into binary MXene/ANF (mass ratio of 60:40), the strain to failure increases from 18.3 ± 1.9% to 28.1 ± 0.7% (~53.5%), the SER decreases ~22.2%, and the corresponding EMI SE is 43.9 dB. The MoS2 also leads to a more efficient photothermal conversion performance (~45 to ~55 °C). Additionally, MXene/ANF–MoS2 composite films exhibit excellent electric heating performance, quick temperature elevation (15 s), excellent cycle stability (2, 2.5, and 3 V), and long-term stability (2520 s). Combining with excellent mechanical performance with high MXene content, electric heating performance, and photothermal conversion performance, EMI shielding ternary MXene/ANF–MoS2 composite films could be applied in many industrial areas. This work broadens how to achieve a balance between mechanical properties and versatility of composites in the case of high-function fillers.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2024•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.010
The deformation energy (Wd) of soil-like tectonic coal is crucial for investigating the mechanism of coal and gas outbursts. Tectonic coal has a significant nonlinear constitutive relationship, which makes traditional elastic-based models for computing Wd unsuitable. Inspired by critical state soil mechanics, this study theoretically established a new calculation model of Wd suitable for the coal with nonlinear deformation characteristics. In the new model, the relationship between energy and stress no longer follows the square law (observed in traditional linear elastic models) but exhibits a power function, with the theoretical value of the power exponent ranging between 1 and 2. Hydrostatic cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on four groups of tectonic coal samples and one group of intact coal samples. The results indicated that the relationship between Wd and stress for both intact and tectonic coal follows a power law. The exponents for intact and tectonic coal are close to 2 and 1, respectively. The stress-strain curve of intact coal exhibits small deformation and linear characteristics, whereas the stress-strain curves of tectonic coal show large deformation and nonlinear characteristics. The study specifically investigates the role of coal viscosity in the cyclic loading/unloading process. The downward bending in the unloading curves can be attributed to the time-dependent characteristics of coal, particularly its viscoelastic behavior. Based on experimental statistics, the calculation model of Wd was further simplified. The simplified model involves only one unknown parameter, which is the power exponent between Wd and stress. The measured Wd of the coal samples increases with the number of load cycles. This phenomenon is attributed to coal’s viscoelastic deformation. Within the same stress, the Wd of tectonic coal is an order of magnitude greater than that of intact coal. The calculation model of Wd proposed in this paper provides a new tool for studying the energy principle of coal and gas outbursts.