Design Refinement of Catalytic System for Scale-Up Mild Nitrogen Photo-Fixation

• The review provides a brief overview of basic mechanisms, element selections, activity confirmation, and experimental protocols of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation under mild conditions. • The review details strategies for scale-up photocatalysts in nitrogen fixation, emphasizing defect engineering, facet optimization, heteroatom doping, single-atom site creation, and composite synthesis. • The review emphasizes the importance of environmental assessment for photocatalyst lifecycle sustainability in mild nitrogen fixation for the future. • The review offers forward-looking recommendations to propel the advancement of mild nitrogen photo-fixation, addressing challenges and prospects in the field.