Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.10.006
Electrostatic spraying improves pesticide deposition by charging droplets, but copper electrode plates undergo electrochemical corrosion and surface oxidation in humid, weakly acidic, pesticide-laden environments, reducing conductivity and charge transfer efficiency. Ni-TiN nanocoatings with varying TiN concentrations were electrodeposited on T2 copper cathodes using a nickel anode at a cathode-to-anode area ratio of 1:2 and 60 mm electrode gap. TiN nanoparticles averaged 43 nm. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, microhardness testing, contact angle measurement, electrochemical workstation, and salt spray testing characterized the coatings. TiN addition refined the cellular Ni structure, reduced porosity, and produced only face-centered cubic Ni and TiN phases without intermetallic or oxide impurities. At 6 g/L TiN, the coating reached 120 μm thickness, 743.62 HV microhardness, Ni and TiN average grain sizes of 67.28 nm and 35.84 nm, corrosion potential of −0.23 V versus SCE, corrosion current density of 6.07×10−9 A/cm2, interfacial contact resistance of 6.4 mΩ·cm2, and contact angle of 132.82°. After 24 h continuous salt spray, only minor pits appeared without spalling or loosening. The results demonstrate that optimized TiN concentration enhances corrosion resistance, hardness, hydrophobicity, and electrical conductivity, providing a reference for protecting electrostatic spray nozzle copper plates.
Nano Research•2026•DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441207
Wear debris particles critically influence frictional interfaces. Conventional understanding holds that debris accumulation causes severe wear. However, debris from metal friction pairs includes anti-wear metal oxides generated by tribochemical reactions, which can form a protective oxidation film to resist wear. Minimizing abrasive damage from accumulated debris and exploiting the anti-wear property of metal oxides are mutually exclusive. Here, a rational design of a bioinspired coupling surface (BCS) that manipulates nanoscale wear debris to resist further wear is reported. The BCS comprises surface textures that capture and temporarily store excess nanoscale wear debris, and a deposited self-cleaning coating that subsequently transfers part of the captured debris back into the sliding-contact interface, where it converts into a protective oxidation film. The coexistence of these two elements with contrasting properties in manipulating nanoscale wear debris considerably reduces wear under water lubrication, oil lubrication, and macroscale superlubricity. Specifically, the wear rate of steel is reduced by 50.4%, 51.2%, and 46.3% under these respective conditions. This strategy achieves the manipulation and utilization of wear debris for anti-wear purposes, promoting further investigation into the role of nanoscale wear debris and its utilization approaches.
Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials (含能材料)•2026•DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026054
The solubility of β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (β-HMX) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–methanol, DMSO–ethanol, and DMSO–n-propanol binary solvent mixtures was measured using a static method over the temperature range of 293.15–343.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The mole fraction of alcohol in the mixed solvent was varied from 0 to 1. The experimental solubility data were correlated with the Apelblat, Jouyban–Acree, and NRTL models. The Apelblat model provided the best fit, with an average relative deviation (ARD) below 5% and a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) below 0.11%. Thermodynamic properties, including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of dissolution, were derived from the NRTL model. The dissolution process was endothermic, entropy-driven, and spontaneous in all three solvent systems. Solid-phase characterization by PXRD and DSC confirmed that no polymorphic transition of β-HMX occurred under the experimental conditions. Solvent composition stability tests showed that the maximum relative change in solubility due to composition fluctuation was less than 6.3%, corresponding to an equivalent temperature variation of 1.4–2.7 K. These data provide a foundation for optimizing anti-solvent crystallization processes for β-HMX.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.03.004
The energy-driven progressive brittle shear failure of rock joints is a key mechanism behind deep engineering disasters such as joint-induced rockbursts and engineering earthquakes. To investigate the energy evolution mechanisms and disaster proneness, monotonic and stepwise loading-unloading tests were performed on regular dentate joints under constant normal stiffness boundary conditions. Results indicate a transition in damage mechanism from climbing wear of low-inclination asperities to brittle rupture of high-inclination ones, accompanied by a marked decrease in irreversible displacement. Energy analysis reveals a strong linear relationship between pre-peak elastic energy density and both input energy density and shear stress squared. The post-peak elastic energy release rate (g) and the self-sustaining instability coefficient (l) increase with joint undulation. A dimensionless brittleness index (BI) integrating the complete energy conversion and release process was proposed to quantify the energy balanced budget. The highly undulated joint R4 showed the most pronounced brittleness and instability intensity with the highest BI value of 0.697, along with g = 0.774 and l = 0.611. This study provides deeper insight into the understanding of the disaster-inducing proneness and stability assessment in jointed rock mass.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020003
Single-photon sources are indispensable for scalable quantum information technologies, including quantum communication, key distribution, computing, and sensing. Optically active point defects in solid-state materials, known as color centers, are promising candidates for next-generation single-photon emitters (SPEs) due to their atom-like properties, enabling high efficiency, purity, and indistinguishability, while their solid-state nature facilitates integration into scalable quantum photonic devices. Among these, color centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors are particularly attractive for their stable operation at room temperature or higher and wide spectral tunability. Their compatibility with mature semiconductor technology allows direct integration into practical optoelectronic systems. Recent progress has realized defect-based SPEs in diamond, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), zinc oxide (ZnO), and beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3). This mini-review summarizes recent advances in SPEs based on wide-bandgap semiconductors, highlighting their potential for integrated quantum photonic circuits. Key platforms include diamond, hosting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers and group-IV impurity-based defects (SiV, GeV, SnV, PbV) with narrow emission lines and nanosecond lifetimes; Si3N4, where native defects in nitrogen-rich films exhibit linearly polarized emission at 567–670 nm with saturated room-temperature single-photon intensity of 5×10^5 cps; and h-BN, with an ultrawide bandgap of ~6 eV, enabling ultrabright, polarized single-photon emission at room temperature, with carbon-related defects (VBCN−) identified as visible quantum emitters. Challenges remain in structural identification and spectral uniformity, but controlled synthesis and strain engineering offer pathways to scalable quantum photonics.
China Foundry•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5150-1
Optimizing the mechanical properties and fluidity of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys in high-pressure die casting (HPDC) is critical for manufacturing thin-walled components with large sizes. The performance and fluidity of castings over long flow distances depend on the precise control of solidification behavior during the complex HPDC process. In this study, an AlSi10MnMg alloy was fabricated using a fluidity test mold with three channels of different thicknesses to investigate the influence of varying TiB2 content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluidity of the alloy during long-distance filling in HPDC. Results indicate that the addition of 0.018wt.% TiB2 significantly reduces externally solidified crystals (ESCs) and porosity contents, improving the filling distance from 1,700 mm to 1,833 mm. The reduction in ESCs in the castings by TiB2 is attributed to its ability to promote the migration of ESCs from the shot sleeve toward the melt center, where temperature and flow velocity are higher. At a filling distance of 1,300 mm, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation increase notably with addition of 0.018wt.% TiB2. When the addition of TiB2 increases to 0.036wt.%, the area fraction of ESCs in the channel increases compared to that with 0.018wt.%, and the filling distance slightly decreases to 1,796.9 mm. The mechanical properties of the alloy with 0.036wt.% TiB2 are better than those of the alloy with 0.018wt.% TiB2 over short distances, but become inferior beyond 1,000 mm. This work reveals the role of TiB2 in regulating solidification and flow during long-range filling, offering new insights into the processability of HPDC Al-Si alloys.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6173-x
Zn's natural degradability and biocompatibility make it a promising candidate for implants, however, its mechanical properties remain insufficient for bone applications. In this study, the performance of Zn was enhanced by developing Zn-Cu alloys via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Optimal LPBF parameters for forming stable tracks were achieved by adjusting laser power and scanning speed. Under optimized conditions of 100 W and 100 mm/s, high-density (99.58%) Zn-Cu alloys with improved hardness (68.2HV) and yield strength (160 MPa) were achieved. These improvements are attributed to solid solution strengthening, segregation strengthening, and grain refinement. The Zn-Cu alloys also demonstrated favorable degradation behavior, with a rate of 0.16 mm/year. This degradation is primarily driven by micro-galvanic corrosion between the CuZn5 phase and Zn matrix, along with refined grains and increased grain boundary density. This work demonstrates a viable strategy for fabricating Zn-based implants with enhanced structural integrity and mechanical performance via LPBF.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01801-5
Metal–carbon dioxide (CO2) batteries hold great promise for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and are regarded as one of the most promising energy storage techniques due to their efficiency advantages in CO2 recovery and conversion. Moreover, rechargeable nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries have attracted much attention due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the stability issues of the electrode–electrolyte interfaces of nonaqueous metal–CO2 (lithium (Li)/sodium (Na)/potassium (K)–CO2) batteries have been troubling its development, and a large number of related research in the field of electrolytes have conducted in recent years. This review retraces the short but rapid research history of nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries with a detailed electrochemical mechanism analysis. Then it focuses on the basic characteristics and design principles of electrolytes, summarizes the latest achievements of various types of electrolytes in a timely manner and deeply analyzes the construction strategies of stable electrode–electrolyte interfaces for metal–CO2 batteries. Finally, the key issues related to electrolytes and interface engineering are fully discussed and several potential directions for future research are proposed. This review enriches a comprehensive understanding of electrolytes and interface engineering toward the practical applications of next-generation metal–CO2 batteries.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01798-x
Creating strongly coupled heterostructures with favorable catalytic activities is crucial for promoting the performance of catalytic reactions, especially those involve multiple intermediates. Herein, we fabricated a strongly coupled platinum/molybdenum nitrides nanocluster heterostructure on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Pt/Mo₂N–NrGO) for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. The well-defined Pt-containing Anderson-type polyoxometalates promote strong interfacial Pt–N–Mo bonding in Pt/Mo2N–NrGO, which exhibits a remarkably low overpotential, high mass activity, and exceptional long-term durability (> 500 h at 1500 mA cm⁻2) in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE). Operando Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory reveal that pronounced electronic coupling at the Pt/Mo₂N cluster interface facilitates the catalytic decomposition of H2O through synergistic stabilization of intermediates (Pt–H* and Mo-OH*), thereby enhancing the kinetics of the rate-determining Volmer step. Techno-economic analysis indicates a levelized hydrogen production cost of $2.02 kg⁻1, meeting the US DOE targets. Our strategy presents a viable pathway to designing next-generation catalysts for industrial AEMWE for green hydrogen production.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01767-4
Manganese-based chalcogenides have significant potential as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity, abundant natural reserves, and environmental friendliness. However, their application is hindered by poor cycling stability, resulting from severe volume changes during cycling and slow reaction kinetics due to their complex crystal structure. Here, an efficient and straightforward strategy was employed to in-situ encapsulate single-phase porous nanocubic MnS0.5Se0.5 into carbon nanofibers using electrospinning and the hard template method, thus forming a necklace-like porous MnS0.5Se0.5-carbon nanofiber composite (MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF). The introduction of Se significantly impacts both the composition and microstructure of MnS0.5Se0.5, including lattice distortion that generates additional defects, optimization of chemical bonds, and a nano-spatially confined design. In situ/ex-situ characterization and density functional theory calculations verified that this MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF alleviates the volume expansion and facilitates the transfer of Na+/electron. As expected, MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF anode demonstrates excellent sodium storage performance, characterized by high initial Coulombic efficiency (90.8%), high-rate capability (370.5 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and long durability (over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1). The MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF //NVP@C full cell, assembled with MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3@C as cathode, exhibits a high energy density of 254 Wh kg−1 can be provided. This work presents a novel strategy to optimize the design of anode materials through structural engineering and Se substitution, while also elucidating the underlying reaction mechanisms.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01750-z
With the rapid development of electronic detective techniques, there is an urgent need for broadband (from microwave to infrared) stealth of aerospace equipment. However, achieving effective broadband stealth primarily relies on the composite of multi-layer coatings of different materials, while realizing broadband stealth with a single material remains a significant challenge. Herein, we reported a highly compact MXene film with aligned nanosheets through a continuous centrifugal spraying strategy. The film exhibits an exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 45 dB in gigahertz band (8.2–40 GHz) and 59 dB in terahertz band (0.2–1.6 THz) at a thickness of 2.25 μm, owing to the high conductivity (1.03 × 10^6 S m−1). Moreover, exceptionally high specific shielding effectiveness of 1.545 × 10^6 dB cm2 g−1 has been demonstrated by the film, which is the highest value reported for shielding films. Additionally, the film exhibits an ultra-low infrared emissivity of 0.1 in the wide-range infrared band (2.5–16.0 μm), indicating its excellent infrared stealth performance for day-/nighttime outdoor environments. Moreover, the film demonstrates efficient electrothermal performance, including a high saturated temperature (over 120 °C at 1.0 V), a high heating rate (4.4 °C s−1 at 1.0 V), and a stable and uniform heating distribution. Therefore, this work provides a promising strategy for protecting equipment from multispectral electromagnetic interference and inhibiting infrared detection.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01724-1
Soft electronics, which are designed to function under mechanical deformation (such as bending, stretching, and folding), have become essential in applications like wearable electronics, artificial skin, and brain-machine interfaces. Crystalline silicon is one of the most mature and reliable materials for high-performance electronics; however, its intrinsic brittleness and rigidity pose challenges for integrating it into soft electronics. Recent research has focused on overcoming these limitations by utilizing structural design techniques to impart flexibility and stretchability to Si-based materials, such as transforming them into thin nanomembranes or nanowires. This review summarizes key strategies in geometry engineering for integrating crystalline silicon into soft electronics, from the use of hard silicon islands to creating out-of-plane foldable silicon nanofilms on flexible substrates, and ultimately to shaping silicon nanowires using vapor–liquid–solid or in-plane solid–liquid–solid techniques. We explore the latest developments in Si-based soft electronic devices, with applications in sensors, nanoprobes, robotics, and brain-machine interfaces. Finally, the paper discusses the current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions to enable the widespread adoption of silicon-based flexible electronics.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01702-7
Emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are among the most promising materials for ultra-scaled transistors due to their intrinsic atomic-level thickness. As the stacking process advances, the complexity and cost of nanosheet field-effect transistors (NSFETs) and complementary FET (CFET) continue to rise. The 1 nm technology node is going to be based on Si-CFET process according to international roadmap for devices and systems (IRDS) (2022, https://irds.ieee.org/), but not publicly confirmed, indicating that more possibilities still exist. The miniaturization advantage of 2D semiconductors motivates us to explore their potential for reducing process costs while matching the performance of next-generation nodes in terms of area, power consumption and speed. In this study, a comprehensive framework is built. A set of MoS2 NSFETs were designed and fabricated to extract the key parameters and performances. And then for benchmarking, the sizes of 2D-NSFET are scaled to a extent that both of the Si-CFET and 2D-NSFET have the same average device footprint. Under these conditions, the frequency of ultra-scaled 2D-NSFET is found to improve by 36% at a fixed power consumption. This work verifies the feasibility of replacing silicon-based CFETs of 1 nm node with 2D-NSFETs and proposes a 2D technology solution for 1 nm nodes, i.e., "2D eq 1 nm" nodes. At the same time, thanks to the lower characteristic length of 2D semiconductors, the miniaturized 2D-NSFET achieves a 28% frequency increase at a fixed power consumption. Further, developing a standard cell library, these devices obtain a similar trend in 16-bit RISC-V CPUs. This work quantifies and highlights the advantages of 2D semiconductors in advanced nodes, offering new possibilities for the application of 2D semiconductors in high-speed and low-power integrated circuits.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01589-w
Common anode materials in aqueous alkaline electrolytes, such as cadmium, metal hydrides and zinc, usually suffer from remarkable biotoxicity, high cost, and serious side reactions. To overcome these problems, we develop a conjugated porous polymer (CPP) in-situ grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Ketjen black (KB), noted as C4N/rGO and C4N/KB respectively, as the alternative anodes. The results show that C4N/rGO electrode delivers a low redox potential (−0.905 V vs. Ag/AgCl), high specific capacity (268.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), ultra-stable and fast sodium ion storage behavior (216 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) in 2 M NaOH electrolyte. The assembled C4N/rGO//Ni(OH)2 full battery can cycle stably more than 38,000 cycles. Furthermore, by adding a small amount of antifreeze additive dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to adjust the hydrogen bonding network, the low-temperature performance of the electrolyte (0.1 DMSO/2 M NaOH) is significantly improved while hydrogen evolution is inhibited. Consequently, the C4N/rGO//Ni(OH)2 full cell exhibits an energy density of 147.3 Wh Kg−1 and ultra-high cycling stability over a wide temperature range from −70 to 45 °C. This work provides an ultra-stable high-capacity CPP-based anode and antifreeze electrolyte for aqueous alkaline batteries and will facilitate their practical applications under extreme conditions.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01674-8
Gate-all-around field-effect transistors (GAA-FETs) represent the leading-edge channel architecture for constructing state-of-the-art high-performance FETs. Despite the advantages offered by the GAA configuration, its application to catalytic silicon nanowire (SiNW) channels, known for facile low-temperature fabrication and high yield, has faced challenges primarily due to issues with precise positioning and alignment. In exploring this promising avenue, we employed an in-plane solid–liquid-solid (IPSLS) growth technique to batch-fabricate orderly arrays of ultrathin SiNWs, with diameters of DNW = 22.4 ± 2.4 nm and interwire spacing of 90 nm. An in situ channel-releasing technique has been developed to well preserve the geometry integrity of suspended SiNW arrays. By optimizing the source/drain contacts, high-performance GAA-FET devices have been successfully fabricated, based on these catalytic SiNW channels for the first time, yielding a high on/off current ratio of 10^7 and a steep subthreshold swing of 66 mV dec−1, closing the performance gap between the catalytic SiNW-FETs and state-of-the-art GAA-FETs fabricated by using advanced top-down EBL and EUV lithography. These results indicate that catalytic IPSLS SiNWs can also serve as the ideal 1D channels for scalable fabrication of high-performance GAA-FETs, well suited for monolithic 3D integrations.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01642-8
Amidst the ever-growing interest in high-mass-loading Li battery electrodes, a persistent challenge has been the insufficient continuity of their ion/electron conduction pathways. Here, we propose cellulose elementary fibrils (CEFs) as a class of deagglomerated binder for high-mass-loading electrodes. Derived from natural wood, CEF represents the most fundamental unit of cellulose with nanoscale diameter. The preparation of the CEFs involves the modulation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding by the treatment with a proton acceptor and a hydrotropic agent. This elementary deagglomeration of the cellulose fibers increases surface area and anionic charge density, thus promoting uniform dispersion with carbon conductive additives and suppressing interfacial side reactions at electrodes. Consequently, a homogeneous redox reaction is achieved throughout the electrodes. The resulting CEF-based cathode (overlithiated layered oxide (OLO) is chosen as a benchmark electrode active material) exhibits a high areal-mass-loading (50 mg cm–2, equivalent to an areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm–2) and a high specific energy density (445.4 Wh kg–1) of a cell, which far exceeds those of previously reported OLO cathodes. This study highlights the viability of the deagglomerated binder in enabling sustainable high-mass-loading electrodes that are difficult to achieve with conventional synthetic polymer binders.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-02)
Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) are a high-performance carbon material that has been widely used in energy storage and as high-temperature structural materials due to their highly controllable microstructure and excellent electrical conductivity. However, with different energy storage mechanisms such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors, MCMBs with a single structure cannot fully meet the different material performance requirements. We review the basic characteristics, preparation methods, formation mechanism and modification strategies of MCMBs, focusing on the relationship between its microstructure and electrochemical performance in various energy storage systems, and its application in other fields. The opportunities and challenges of using MCMBs in different energy storage applications are considered.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-09)
Zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs), which consist of a capacitor-type electrode and a battery-type electrode, not only possess the high power density of supercapacitors and the high energy density of batteries, but also have other advantages such as abundant resources, high safety and environmental friendliness. However, they still face problems such as insufficient specific capacitance, a short cycling life, and narrow operating voltage and temperature ranges, which are hindering their practical use. We provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental theory of carbon-based ZICs and summarize recent research progress from three perspectives: the carbon cathode, electrolyte and zinc anode. The influence of the structure and surface chemical properties of the carbon materials on the capacitive performance of ZICs is considered together with theoretical guidance for advancing their development and practical use.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-04)
Hard carbons (HCs) are recognized as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their low cost, environmental friendliness, and the abundance of their precursors. The presence of graphitic domains, numerous pores, and disordered carbon layers in HCs plays a significant role in determining their sodium storage ability, but these structural features depend on the precursor used. The influence of functional groups, including heteroatoms and oxygen-containing groups, and the microstructure of the precursor on the physical and electrochemical properties of the HC produced are evaluated, and the effects of carbonization conditions (carbonization temperature, heating rate and atmosphere) are also discussed.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67027-0
Double glow plasma surface alloying was utilized to synthesize a nickel coating with controlled columnar crystalline architecture. The deposition process was systematically regulated with a fixed source electrode bias of −990 V and precisely controlled deposition temperatures (750, 800, and 850 °C) through cathode bias modulation. Plasma characteristics were quantitatively analyzed through argon emission spectroscopy, enabling precise determination of electron density and temperature. Elemental interdiffusion behavior was comprehensively characterized using electron probe microanalysis, revealing significant interface-pinning effects achieved through strategic manipulation of layer-by-layer and island growth mechanisms. Critical analysis of diffusion coefficients demonstrated comparable magnitudes between the primary diffusion coefficients, along with their cross-diffusion coefficient, suggesting substantial involvement of Inconel718 re-sputtering phenomena in the diffusion dynamics. The coating exhibited exceptional adhesion performance, maintaining structural integrity through 200 rigorous thermal cycling tests without observable delamination.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67016-6
An innovative forward needle penetration extrusion die assembly was designed, which enabled precision manufacturing of large-sized seamless Al−Zn−Mg alloy thin-walled cylindrical components with high-ribs. Through systematic numerical simulation and experimental validation, optimal process parameters were established (billet temperature of 465 °C, die temperature of 460 °C, container temperature of 420 °C, and extrusion speed of 1.5 mm/s), achieving exceptional material flow uniformity with a low standard deviation of the velocity field (SDV) of 0.478 at the bearing cross-section. The developed method produces seamless components exhibiting superior microstructural homogeneity compared to conventional porthole extrusion. Coarse secondary-phase particles are significantly fragmented after extrusion deformation, and grains are flattened into fibrous shapes, with the predominant recrystallization mechanisms being geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). Mechanical property variations across different regions are controlled within 7%, with the rib head region showing the highest tensile strength and yield strength, reaching 360 MPa and 215 MPa, respectively. Additionally, all regions exhibit elongation values exceeding 22%, indicating consistent ductility throughout the structure.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.006
Coal mine underground reservoir (CMUR) technology mitigates water scarcity in China's coal-rich western regions but lacks tailored solutions for steeply inclined coal seams. This study develops a novel framework of steeply inclined coal mine underground reservoirs (SICMUR), which is a paradigm shift from conventional CMUR that the coal seam itself serves as the reservoir floor, challenging conventional designs due to depth-dependent permeability and mechanical constraints. Triaxial mechanical-seepage tests on Xinjiang Wudong coal samples (100, 200, 300 m depths) revealed a 3.5 MPa triaxial strength increase per 100 m depth and a 58-fold post-peak permeability surge at 300 versus 100 m. Similar model simulations revealed mining-induced stress redistribution and significant deformation effects, particularly subsidence and water-conducting fractures during lower coal seam mining. Results indicate a minimum 40 m safety distance between reservoirs and lower coal seams. Critical construction parameters were investigated for Wudong mine SICMUR as collapse zone heights (9.9–12.31 m) and water-conducting fracture zone heights (31.96–37.40 m). This work systematically bridges SICMUR concepts to field implementation, offering a framework for water preservation in steeply inclined mining while addressing safety concerns, providing a new approach for water reservation in steeply inclined coal mining.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.007
Fracability evaluation is critical for efficiently extracting deep shale gas using hydraulic fracturing to avoid blind drilling and fracking. However, existing fracability indices often fail to systematically consider the mechanical behavior of rocks at high temperatures and high pressures (HTHP), coupled with geostress distributions and heterogeneous reservoir characteristics. This critical omission limits their effectiveness in accurately identifying the optimal fracability sweet spots within deep reservoirs. In this work, a fracability evaluation model was proposed based on the combined weighting method, integrating the improved brittleness index, rock strength, geostresses and natural weakness characteristics. A fracability grading evaluation was carried out to determine the potential fracture characteristics corresponding to shales with different fracability levels. Additionally, the fracability index was used for field validation and applications. Results show that rock brittleness and fracability are not equivalent for deep reservoirs. The fracability index is closely related to the pay zones and actual gas production, with a correlation as high as 84%, implying that the proposed method has practical significance in both experimental and field applications. The above findings can provide theoretical guidance for the selection of fracturing candidates and the optimal design of fracturing in deep resource development.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01242-6
The existing research on rescue robots has focused mainly on reconnaissance, detection, and firefighting, and a small number of robots that can achieve human rescue have problems such as poor safety and stability and insufficient carrying capacity. This article addresses the above issues and cleverly combines the advantages of soft robotic arms, underactuated robotic arms, and suction cups based on the principles of bionics. A new design for a robotic arm was proposed, and its working principle was explained. Then, the human rescue process was divided into two stages, and the grasping force of the robotic arm in each stage was analyzed separately. Finally, a prototype of the principle was developed, and the feasibility of the design principle of the robotic arm was verified through grasping experiments on a cross-sectional contour model of the human chest. At the same time, grasping experiments were conducted on different objects to demonstrate the potential application of the robotic arm in grasping ground objects. This research proposes a stress envelope adsorption rescue robot arm inspired by the adhesion ability of the Drosera plant and the stress envelope effect, which can apply force to the entire surface of the human body, reduce local force on the human body, ensure load-bearing capacity and adaptability, and improve the safety and stability of rescue grasping.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3070-x
Al2O3 and MgO serve as the primary gangue components in sintered ores, and they are critical for the formation of CaO–Fe2O3–xAl2O3 (wt%, C–F–xA) and CaO–Fe2O3–xMgO (wt%, C–F–xM) systems, respectively. In this study, a nonisothermal crystallization thermodynamics behavior of C–F–xA and C–F–xM systems was examined using differential scanning calorimetry, and a phase identification and microstructure analysis for C–F–xA and C–F–xM systems were carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that in C–F–2A and C–F–2M systems, the increased cooling rates promoted the precipitation of CaFe2O4 (CF) but inhibited the formation of Ca2Fe2O5 (C2F). In addition, C–F–2A system exhibited a lower theoretical initial crystallization temperature (1566 K) compared to the C–F system (1578 K). This temperature further decreases to 1554 K and 1528 K in the C–F–4A and C–F–8A systems, respectively. However, in C–F–xM system, the increased MgO content raised the crystallization temperature. This is because that the enhanced precipitation of MF (a spinel phase mainly comprised Fe3O4 and MgFe2O4) and C2F phases suppressed the CF precipitation reaction. In kinetic calculations, the Ozawa method revealed the apparent activation energies of the C–F–2A and C–F–2M systems. Malek’s method revealed that the crystallization process in C–F–2A system initially followed a logarithmic law ( or ), later transitioning to a reaction order law ((1−α)−1 or (1−α)−1/2, n = 2/3) or the function of the exponential law. In C–F–2M system, it consistently followed the sequence ƒ(α) = (1−α)2 (α is the crystallization conversion rate; n is the Avrami constant; ƒ(α) is the differential equations for the model function of C2F and CF crystallization processes).
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01323-6
For control systems with unknown model parameters, this paper proposes a data-driven iterative learning method for fault estimation. First, input and output data from the system under fault-free conditions are collected. By applying orthogonal triangular decomposition and singular value decomposition, a data-driven realization of the system's kernel representation is derived, based on this representation, a residual generator is constructed. Then, the actuator fault signal is estimated online by analyzing the system's dynamic residual, and an iterative learning algorithm is introduced to continuously optimize the residual-based performance function, thereby enhancing estimation accuracy. The proposed method achieves actuator fault estimation without requiring knowledge of model parameters, eliminating the time-consuming system modeling process, and allowing operators to focus on system optimization and decision-making. Compared with existing fault estimation methods, the proposed method demonstrates superior transient performance, steady-state performance, and real-time capability, reduces the need for manual intervention and lowers operational complexity. Finally, experimental results on a mobile robot verify the effectiveness and advantages of the method.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6147-4
With increasingly stringent requirements for the airtightness of high-speed train bodies, determining appropriate airtightness levels has become critically important. To calculate the airtightness of high-speed train bodies more accurately, based on one-dimensional isentropic flow theory, this study derives cabin pressure calculation models for both positive and negative pressure conditions during static airtightness tests of high-speed train bodies. Since the flow coefficient, which is closely related to the leakage characteristics of the carriage, is influenced by multiple factors including operating pressure conditions (positive/negative), leakage path cross-sectional shape, and size, a flow coefficient calibration method is proposed to achieve high-precision and efficient calibration of the flow coefficient for trains with varying leakage properties. This method generates a series of flow coefficient values for circular and square cross-sectional shapes under both positive and negative pressure conditions across various cross-sectional areas. Furthermore, functional relationships between flow coefficient and leakage path area under positive/negative pressure are established through curve fitting. Using these functional relationships and the cabin pressure calculation model, the pressure variation curves for a static airtightness test are simulated. Specifically, for circular cross-sectional shapes, the theoretical curves under positive and negative pressure conditions exhibited R2 values of 0.9936 and 0.9931, respectively, when compared to experimental data, and for square cross-sectional shapes, the corresponding R2 values are 0.9928 and 0.9932, validating the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model. The proposed theoretical model effectively evaluates the airtightness of high-speed train bodies with varying performance levels during static airtightness tests, providing a robust theoretical reference for optimizing high-speed train airtightness design.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6149-2
The pressure comfort of passengers and crew in high-speed trains faces significant challenges under alternating open-tunnel conditions. To better understand the mechanism of pressure transmission and control interior pressure fluctuations in high-altitude regions, this study develops an interior pressure fluctuation model. By establishing the frameworks of the non-ideal gas state equation and the polytropic process equation, gas heat transfer and mass transfer were expressed through the first law of thermodynamics and the continuity equation. Simulation results, evaluated by root mean square error, coefficient of determination, peak-to-peak error, and pressure change rate, show that the proposed model closely aligns with measured signals in both overall trends and local details. Data from various train types and tunnel scenarios further demonstrate the model's accuracy and practical applicability. This study provides a critical foundation for evaluating interior pressure comfort for high-speed trains in high-altitude regions.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6144-7
This paper aims to explore the influence of different noise barrier heights on the sound source generation mechanisms of higher-speed trains (400 km/h) using a combination of delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equations. Four cases are investigated and compared, i.e. 1) no barrier, 2) 2.3 m, 3) 3.3 m, and 4) 4.3 m single-side barriers on a bridge. Numerical results show that the presence of noise barriers causes an increase in sound source intensity ranging from 2.1 to 2.8 dB(A). However, the relationship between the barrier height and the increase in sound source intensity varies across different parts of the train. Compared with the head and front-middle cars, the boundary layer is thicker around the rear-middle and tail car areas. A thick boundary layer introduces the influence of the crash wall, causing asymmetry and increases in sound source intensity. This is due to the deceleration region formed between the crash wall and the rail surface, as well as the acceleration region formed by the contraction of the flow channel in the noise barrier, both of which influence the sound source's characteristics. In addition, higher barriers exacerbate asymmetry and increases in sound source intensity.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6112-2
This study investigates the effects of varying Sc content on phase composition, corrosion resistance and passive film characteristic of Al1.2CoCrFeNiScx (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) high-entropy alloys in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The addition of Sc causes the alloys to form a Laves phase which is a (Ni, Co)2Sc intermetallic compound with face centred cubic (FCC) structure and lattice parameter of 0.695 nm. During the potentiodynamic polarization process, Laves phase is severely corroded due to its large grain orientation spread value and high electrochemical activity. Sc deteriorates the corrosion resistance of the alloy primarily by significantly accelerating the corrosion rate rather than altering the corrosion tendency. Al1.2CoCrFeNiScx alloys exhibit poorer corrosion resistance in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 than in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, with severe intergranular corrosion observed on the alloy surface. The passive films on Sc-free alloys primarily composed of Al2O3 and Cr2O3, while for Sc-containing alloys, the film mainly contains Al2O3, Cr2O3 and Sc2O3. In addition, the passive films on Sc-free alloys behave as an n-type semiconductor, while the passive films on Sc-containing alloys surface exhibit the electronic characteristics of p-n junctions. As the Sc content rises, the defect density in passive film increases from 1021 cm−3 to 1023 cm−3, which leads to a less compact and less protective passive film, ultimately decreasing the alloy’s corrosion resistance. This work holds significant guiding significance for the engineering application of high-entropy alloys in acidic environments and is conducive to the development of high-performance corrosion-resistant alloys.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6056-6
The microstructures, mechanical properties, and fracture behaviors of an Al-5.9Zn-1.9Mg alloy subjected to thermomechanical treatment across different pre-rolling temperatures have been exhaustively investigated in present work. The pre-deformation temperature exerts a modest influence on grain morphology, while it profoundly impacts the dislocation configurations and precipitation behaviors. Elevating the rolling temperature from ambient to 170 ℃ results in a reduction in dislocation density within grains accompanied by a notable enhancement in their distributional uniformity. While advancing the temperature to 320 ℃ prompts the premature formation of precipitates during deformation, which diminishes the precipitation during the subsequent ageing. Tensile results reveal that the thermomechanical treatment incorporating pre-rolling at 170 ℃ confers a substantial strengthening effect on the alloy on the basis of both grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening stemmed from pre-deformation along with the precipitation strengthening generated by ageing. Furthermore, the microstructure exhibits a relatively scarce presence of inhomogeneous features such as dislocation pile-ups and micro shear bands, contributing favorably to enhance the ductility of the alloy that presents the mixture of cleavage fracture and dimple-induced failure.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6054-8
As a typical solid waste from the iron and steel, the mechanical properties of steel slag are regarded as the core basis for realizing its resource recycling. To explore the influence of shape and external loading speed on the crushing characteristics of steel slag, single particle crushing tests were carried out. The research focuses on the correlation between parameters such as the load−displacement relationship of single particles, crushing mode, crushing energy, and Weibull modulus, as well as external loading rate and quantified morphological parameters. The results show that the single particle crushing modes of steel slag mainly consist of three modes: through-splitting, complete fragmentation and local cutting; Compared with natural aggregates or recycled materials, steel slag particles are found to potentially exhibit higher compressive strength and the increase in loading rate further accelerates the occurrence of particle crushing behavior; Significant impacts on the crushing mode and characteristic stress of steel slag particles are exerted by their shape differences, and the energy release mode is jointly regulated by shape and loading rate. This research provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the diversified utilization of steel slag single particles, a new type of solid waste resource.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3128-4
High-alumina iron ores (Al2O3 content > 3.0wt%) are widely utilized in sinter production due to their economic benefits, yet their high alumina content challenges the performance of sinter and the stability of blast furnaces. This study focuses on the application of high-alumina composite calcium ferrites (SFCA) in the sintering of high-alumina iron ores. By prefabricating calcium ferrites, we aimed to substitute phase adjustment for compositional tuning, particularly examining its effects on enhancing sinter quality at 30wt%, 50wt%, and 100wt% replacement ratios of Al2O3. Previous work developed two types of high-alumina SFCA (A-type and B-type), with A-type demonstrating superior experimental performance. Our results indicate that increasing the proportion of A-type SFCA in the raw materials leads to higher calcium ferrite and composite calcium ferrite contents, while decreasing the proportions of Al2O3, CaO, SiO2, calcium silicate, and calcium alumino-ferrite (CaAlxFe2–xO4). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineralogical analyses reveal that sinter substituted with A-type SFCA primarily consists of SFCA and calcium ferraluminate (CFA), with increasing calcium ferrite content and decreasing porosity and silicate content as the substitution ratio increases. Complete substitution of Al2O3 with A-type SFCA enhances the compressive strength of the sinters to 22.57 MPa, a 6.76 MPa improvement over traditional methods. With 100wt% substitution, the reducibility reaches 0.85, a 0.33 increase over the baseline (A-type and B-type SFCA are not added). A cost-effective method for SFCA production using high-alumina ores, hazardous waste, and iron-calcium-based solid waste is proposed to lower production costs and promote the recycling of industrial solid waste. A-type SFCA exhibits significant advantages in mechanical properties, reducibility, and melting characteristics, validating its potential in optimizing sinter performance and reducing carbon emissions, thereby laying a theoretical and practical foundation for the industrial application of high-alumina SFCA.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3083-5
With the gradual reduction in high-quality iron ore resources, the global steel industry faces long-term challenges. For example, the continuous increase in the Al2O3 content of iron ore has led to a decrease in the metallurgical performance of sinter and fluctuations in slag properties. Considering calcium ferrite (CF) and composite CF (silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum, SFCA) play a crucial role as a binding phase in high-alkalinity sinter and exhibit excellent physical strength and metallurgical performance, we propose incorporating excess Al2O3 into SFCA to form a new binding phase with excellent properties for high-quality sinter preparation. In the synthesis of high-Al2O3 SFCA, two high-Al2O3 phases were identified as types A (Al1.2Ca2.8Fe8.7O20Si0.8) and B (Ca4Al4.18Fe1.82Si6O26). Results show that type A SFCA sample had a higher cell density (4.13 g/cm3) and longer Fe–O bond length (2.2193 Å) than type B (3.46 g/cm3 and 1.9415 Å), with a significantly greater lattice oxygen concentration (7.86% vs. 1.85%), which demonstrates advantages in strength and reducibility. Type A SFCA sample contained a lower proportion of silicates, was predominantly composed of SFCA, and exhibited minimal porosity. Melting point and viscosity simulation tests indicate that type A SFCA sample formed a liquid phase at 880°C with a viscosity range of 0–0.35 Pa·s, which is notably lower than that of type B SFCA sample (1220°C and 0–20 Pa·s). This finding suggests that type A SFCA sample has a low initial melting temperature and viscosity, which facilitates increasing liquid-phase generation and improving flow properties. Such a condition enhances the adhesion to surrounding ore particles. Compressive strength tests reveal that type A SFCA sample (36.83–42.48 MPa) considerably outperformed type B SFCA sample (5.98–12.79 MPa) and traditional sinter (5.02–13.68 MPa). In addition, at 900°C, type A SFCA sample achieved a final reducibility of 0.89, which surpassed that of type B SFCA sample (0.83). In summary, type A SFCA sample demonstrates superior structural, thermophysical, and metallurgical properties, which highlights its promising potential for industrial applications.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3051-0
Electrode materials that rely on conversion reactions for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) possess high energy densities. However, a key issue in their design is bolstering their stability and minimizing volume variations during lithiation and delithiation. Herein, an effective strategy was devised to fulfill the fully reversible conversion reaction for lithium storage in CoMoO4 through the hybridization of CoMoO3. CoMoO3/CoMoO4 with a nanorod structure was synthesized via one-step annealing treatment after a solvothermal process. In such a structure, the CoMoO3/CoMoO4 nanorod can considerably boost mechanical robustness and offer ample space to counteract volume fluctuations throughout successive cycles owing to the cooperative interaction between CoMoO3 and CoMoO4. CoMoO3/CoMoO4 exhibited superior lithium-storage capacity (919.6 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g after 200 cycles) and cycling stability (683.4 mAh/g at 1 A/g after 600 cycles). CoMoO3/CoMoO4 showed a high potential as an anode material for LIBs.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3011-8
Amino acids have emerged as promising green alternatives to replace toxic inhibitors in corrosion protection applications. In this study, we present a one-step synthetic approach to get 4-(tert-butyl)benzoyl)methionine (P-Meth) and 4-(tert-butyl)benzoyl)cysteine (P-Cys) through the acylation reactions between methionine or cysteine and p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, respectively, which exhibit a super protective performance toward metals against corrosion. The corrosion rates of Q235 steel in 1 M HCl were reduced from 4.542 to 0.202 and 0.312 mg·h−1·cm−2 in the presence of 100 mg·L−1 P-Meth and P-Cys, respectively. The surface structures of Q235 steel remained unbroken after 12 h in 1 M HCl medium. The charge transfer resistances of corrosion reactions were enhanced by 12 and 9 times in the presence of P-Meth and P-Cys, respectively. P-Meth and P-Cys were adsorbed onto the Q235 steel via chemical actions, which were accompanied by minimal physical action. Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrate the higher binding energy of P-Meth onto Q235 steel than P-Cys. The study contributes to the corrosion protection of metals with green and environmentally friendly methods.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3004-7
The effective reuse of iron phosphate residue (IPR) is the key issue in the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries. Therefore, in this study, the reduction leaching of IPR in H2SO4 solution by adding iron powder as reducing agent was investigated and compared with direct leaching. The results show that the leaching rate of IPR reached 97% under the optimum reduction leaching conditions. Kinetic studies show that the activation energy for reduction leaching is 12.71 kJ/mol, while that of direct leaching is 21.57 kJ/mol. Moreover, the reduction leaching time is reduced by half and the acid consumption is reduced by 30% compared to direct leaching with the same leaching rate. This work provides a scientific guidance to the treatment of iron phosphate residue from the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2945-1
At present, the emerging solid-phase friction-based additive manufacturing technology, including friction rolling additive manufacturing (FRAM), can only manufacture simple single-pass components. In this study, multi-layer multi-pass FRAM-deposited aluminum alloy samples were successfully prepared using a non-shoulder tool head. The material flow behavior and microstructure of the overlapped zone between adjacent layers and passes during multi-layer multi-pass FRAM deposition were studied using the hybrid 6061 and 5052 aluminum alloys. The results showed that a mechanical interlocking structure was formed between the adjacent layers and the adjacent passes in the overlapped center area. Repeated friction and rolling of the tool head led to different degrees of lateral flow and plastic deformation of the materials in the overlapped zone, which made the recrystallization degree in the left and right edge zones of the overlapped zone the highest, followed by the overlapped center zone and the non-overlapped zone. The tensile strength of the overlapped zone exceeded 90% of that of the single-pass deposition sample. It is proved that although there are uneven grooves on the surface of the overlapping area during multi-layer and multi-pass deposition, they can be filled by the flow of materials during the deposition of the next layer, thus ensuring the dense microstructure and excellent mechanical properties of the overlapping area. The multi-layer multi-pass FRAM deposition overcomes the limitation of deposition width and lays the foundation for the future deposition of large-scale high-performance components.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01594-z
Emerging two-dimensional MXenes have been extensively studied in a wide range of fields thanks to their superior electrical and hydrophilic attributes as well as excellent chemical stability and mechanical flexibility. Among them, the ultrahigh electrical conductivity (σ) and tunable band structures of benchmark Ti3C2Tx MXene demonstrate its good potential as thermoelectric (TE) materials. However, both the large variation of σ reported in the literature and the intrinsically low Seebeck coefficient (S) hinder the practical applications. Herein, this study has for the first time systematically investigated the TE properties of neat Ti3C2Tx films, which are finely modulated by exploiting different dispersing solvents, controlling nanosheet sizes and constructing composites. First, deionized water is found to be superior for obtaining closely packed MXene sheets relative to other polar solvents. Second, a simultaneous increase in both S and σ is realized via elevating centrifugal speed on MXene aqueous suspensions to obtain small-sized nanosheets, thus yielding an ultrahigh power factor up to ~156 μW m−1 K−2. Third, S is significantly enhanced yet accompanied by a reduction in σ when constructing MXene-based nanocomposites, the latter of which is originated from the damage to the intimate stackings of MXene nanosheets. Together, a correlation between the TE properties of neat Ti3C2Tx films and the stacking of nanosheets is elucidated, which would stimulate further exploration of MXene TEs.