• MCMBs exhibit tunable microstructures that can be optimized for specific energy storage mechanisms, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors.
• Preparation methods and modification strategies, such as composite formation and layer distance expansion, significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of MCMBs.
• The relationship between MCMB microstructure (e.g., interlayer spacing, closed-pore structure) and electrochemical performance is critical for advancing energy storage technologies.
• MCMBs hold promise for diverse applications beyond energy storage, including high-temperature structural materials, but face challenges in meeting the distinct requirements of different storage systems.