Quantifying influence of single particle shape and loading rate on mechanical properties of steel slag

• Single particle crushing modes of steel slag are identified as through-splitting, complete fragmentation, and local cutting. • Steel slag particles exhibit higher compressive strength than natural aggregates or recycled materials, with increased loading rate accelerating crushing behavior. • Particle shape significantly influences crushing mode and characteristic stress, while energy release is jointly regulated by shape and loading rate. • Findings provide theoretical and technical support for resource recycling of steel slag in construction and roadbed applications.