Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.08.010
Laser surface hardening of QT500-7 ductile cast iron was investigated through a coupled finite element–machine learning–multi-objective optimization framework. A phase-transformation heat-transfer finite element model screened process windows for laser power (100–400 W), scanning speed (5–15 mm·s⁻¹), and overlap rate (60%–90%). A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design yielded hardened layer depth and fused layer depth as response variables. Four predictive architectures were benchmarked: Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, RF-XGBoost ensemble, and Bayesian-optimized RF-XGBoost (BO-RF-XGBoost). The BO-RF-XGBoost model achieved superior accuracy, with relative errors of 6.52% for hardened layer depth and 9.09% for fused layer depth. Multi-objective optimization compared Advantage Actor-Critic (A2C), Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO), and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). A TOPSIS-entropy weight method ranked the Pareto front, identifying optimal parameters: laser power 230 W, scanning speed 14 mm·s⁻¹, overlap rate 75%. Experimental validation at these parameters produced a hardened layer depth of 230 μm and fused layer depth of 66 μm, with finite element model errors of 9.13% and 3.03%, respectively. Microhardness measurements showed the fused layer at 940 ± 40 HV0.5 and the hardened layer at 630 ± 30 HV0.5, both significantly exceeding the substrate hardness of 166 ± 15 HV0.5. The framework provides a reliable tool for parameter optimization in laser surface hardening of ductile cast iron.
Journal of Advanced Ceramics•2026•DOI: 10.26599/JAC.2026.9221339
Practical deployment of Li4SiO4 as a high-temperature CO2 sorbent requires pelletization, which inevitably densifies the microstructure and imposes severe CO2 diffusion limitations. Conventional sacrificial pore-forming agents address this issue but remain single-purpose, serving solely as structural templates without conferring chemical benefits. Here, we demonstrate that spent coffee grounds (SCGs), an abundant food-industry waste, can serve as a single-source modifier that achieves three colocalized enhancements in Li4SiO4 pellets: hierarchical pore engineering, in situ K-doping, and oxygen vacancy generation. The thermal decomposition of SCG creates an interconnected hierarchical macroporous network that effectively reduces intraparticle CO2 diffusion resistance. Meanwhile, the mineral-rich SCG ash provides in situ potassium doping, generating a localized eutectic molten carbonate phase that accelerates liquid-phase ion transport. Crucially, the transient reducing atmosphere during biomass combustion introduces oxygen vacancies into the silicate lattice; density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that these vacancies serve as highly active CO2 adsorption sites with a strongly exothermic adsorption energy of −0.914 eV. Benefiting from this triple-synergistic enhancement, the SCG-modified sorbent (LSO-50) achieves a CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.275 g/g at 650 °C under 15 vol% CO2, representing a more than fourfold improvement over unmodified pellets. When further combined with Na2CO3 codoping to promote additional eutectic formation, the optimized sorbent (LSON-50) reaches 0.330 g/g, retains 0.284 g/g after 50 adsorption–desorption cycles, and exhibits robust mechanical stability (< 10% attrition loss). By colocating structural, chemical, and defect features within a single biomass-derived modifier, this work establishes a scalable waste-valorization route for high-performance, eco-friendly CO2 capture.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120014
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing has emerged as a micro-/nanofabrication technique for high-resolution perovskite quantum dot (PeQD) color-conversion layers, offering precise control over pixel morphology, dimensions, and composition. This review systematically examines the mechanisms of cone-jet and electrostatic-attraction modes in EHD printing, highlighting recent advances in PeQD ink design, solvent and ligand engineering, and printing parameter optimization. Perovskite precursor and colloidal inks are discussed in detail, emphasizing strategies to enhance droplet ejection stability, suppress coffee-ring effects, and achieve uniform, high-luminescence pixels. Ligand exchange, dual-ligand passivation, and core-shell or polymer encapsulation are shown to effectively mitigate ion migration, surface defects, and environmental degradation, thereby improving photoluminescence efficiency and stability. Multi-channel and multi-nozzle EHD printing systems enable dynamic halide composition control and parallel RGB pixel deposition, facilitating ultrahigh-resolution patterning down to submicron feature sizes. Finally, the review highlights future directions, including synergistic PeQD material synthesis, advanced ink formulation, scalable high-throughput printing, and integration of PeQD color-conversion pixels into full-color micro-LED displays with minimal crosstalk and robust operational stability. These developments collectively demonstrate the immense potential of EHD inkjet printing for next-generation high-performance display technologies.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01997-6
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency, distinctive geometric, and electronic configurations. However, the efficacy of SACs remains limited for certain reactions requiring simultaneous activation of multiple reactants over metallic active sites. Herein, we report an atomically dispersed Pt1Ru1 dual-atom pair site anchored on nanodiamond@graphene (ND@G) for CO oxidation. The Pt1Ru1 dual-atom catalyst shows an exceptional turnover frequency (TOF) of 17.6 × 10−2 s−1 at significantly lower temperature (30 °C), achieving a tenfold increase in TOF compared to single-atom Pt1/ND@G catalyst (1.5 × 10−2 s−1) and surpassing to previously reported Pt-based catalysts under similar conditions. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining its activity for 40 h at 80 °C without significant deactivation. The superior catalytic performance of Pt-Ru dual-atom catalysts is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru atoms with enhanced metallicity for improving simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O2, and the tuning of conventional competitive reactant adsorption into a non-competitive pathway over dual-atom pair sites. The present work manifests the advantages of dual-atom pair sites in heterogeneous catalysis and paves the way for precise design of catalysts at the atomic scale.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02009-3
Stretchable electronics have been recognized as intriguing next-generation electronics that possess huge market value, and stretchable electronic conductors (SECs) are essential for stretchable electronics, which not only can serve as critical functional components but also are the indispensable electronic connections bridging various electronic components within stretchable electronic systems. Herein, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in SECs including the material categories, structure designs, fabrication techniques, and applications. The characteristics, performance enhancement strategies, and application requirements are emphasized. Based on the recent advances, the existing challenges and future prospects are outlined and discussed.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01956-1
Violet phosphorus, a recently explored layered elemental semiconductor, has attracted much attention due to its unique photo-electric, mechanical properties, and high hole mobility. Herein, violet arsenic phosphorus has for the first time been synthesized by a molten lead method. The crystal structure of violet arsenic phosphorus (P83.4As0.6, CSD-2408761) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction to have similar structure as that of violet phosphorus, where P12 is occupied by arsenic/phosphorus (As/P) atoms as mixed occupancy sites As1/P12. The arsenic substitution has been demonstrated to tune the band structure of violet phosphorus, switching p-type of violet phosphorus to high-performance n-type violet arsenic phosphorus. The effective electron mass along the <010> direction is significantly reduced from 1.792 to 0.515 m0 by arsenic substitution, resulting in an extremely high electron mobility of 2622.503 cm2 V⁻1 s⁻1. The field effect transistor built with P83.4As0.6 nanosheets was measured to have a high electron mobility (137.06 cm2 V⁻1 s⁻1, 61.2 nm), even under ambient conditions for 5 h, much higher than the hole mobility of violet phosphorene nanosheets (4.07 cm2 V⁻1 s⁻1, 73.3 nm). This work provides a new idea for designing phosphorus-based materials for field effect transistors, giving significant potential in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor applications.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01762-9
Currently, numerous biomimetic robots inspired by natural biological systems have been developed. However, creating soft robots with versatile locomotion modes remains a significant challenge. Snakes, as invertebrate reptiles, exhibit diverse and powerful locomotion abilities, including prey constriction, sidewinding, accordion locomotion, and winding climbing, making them a focus of robotics research. In this study, we present a snake-inspired soft robot with an initial coiling structure, fabricated using MXene-cellulose nanofiber ink printed on pre-expanded polyethylene film through direct ink writing technology. The controllable fabrication of initial coiling structure soft robot (ICSBot) has been achieved through theoretical calculations and finite element analysis to predict and analyze the initial structure of ICSBot, and programmable ICSBot has been designed and fabricated. This robot functions as a coiling gripper capable of grasping objects with complex shapes under near infrared light stimulation. Additionally, it demonstrates multi-modal crawling locomotion in various environments, including confined spaces, unstructured terrains, and both inside and outside tubes. These results offer a novel strategy for designing and fabricating coiling-structured soft robots and highlight their potential applications in smart and multifunctional robotics.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01703-6
Photocatalytic seawater splitting is an attractive way for producing green hydrogen. Significant progresses have been made recently in catalytic efficiencies, but the activity of catalysts can only maintain stable for about 10 h. Here, we develop a vacancy-engineered Ag3PO4/CdS porous microreactor chip photocatalyst, operating in seawater with a performance stability exceeding 300 h. This is achieved by the establishment of both catalytic selectivity for impurity ions and tailored interactions between vacancies and sulfur species. Efficient transport of carriers with strong redox ability is ensured by forming a heterojunction within a space charge region, where the visualization of potential distribution confirms the key design concept of our chip. Moreover, the separation of oxidation and reduction reactions in space inhibits the reverse recombination, making the chip capable of working at atmospheric pressure. Consequently, in the presence of Pt co-catalysts, a high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 0.81% can be achieved in the whole durability test. When using a fully solar-driven 256 cm2 hydrogen production prototype, a H2 evolution rate of 68.01 mmol h−1 m−2 can be achieved under outdoor insolation. Our findings provide a novel approach to achieve high selectivity, and demonstrate an efficient and scalable prototype suitable for practical solar H2 production.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01694-4
Elevating the upper cutoff voltage to 4.6 V could effectively increase the reversible capacity of LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode, whereas the irreversible structural transition, unstable electrode/electrolyte interface and potentially induced safety hazards severely hinder its industrial application. Building a robust cathode/electrolyte interface film by electrolyte engineering is one of the efficient approaches to boost the performance of high-voltage LCO (HV-LCO); however, the elusive interfacial chemistry poses substantial challenges to the rational design of highly compatible electrolytes. Herein, we propose a novel electrolyte design strategy and screen proper solvents based on two factors: highest occupied molecular orbital energy level and LCO absorption energy. Tris (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate is determined as the optimal solvent, whose low defluorination energy barrier significantly promotes the construction of LiF-rich cathode/electrolyte interface layer on the surface of LCO, thereby eventually suppresses the phase transition and enhances Li+ diffusion kinetics. The rationally designed electrolyte endows graphite||HV-LCO pouch cells with long cycle life (85.3% capacity retention after 700 cycles), wide-temperature adaptability (−60–80 °C) and high safety (pass nail penetration). This work provides new insights into the electrolyte screening and rational design to constructing stable interface for high-energy lithium-ion batteries.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-10)
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a promising way to produce hydrogen, and the use of non-precious metals with an excellent electrochemical performance is vital for this. Carbon-based transition metal catalysts have high activity and stability, which are important in reducing the cost of hydrogen production and promoting the development of the hydrogen production industry. However, there is a lack of discussion regarding the effect of carbon components on the performance of these electrocatalysts. This review of the literature discusses the choice of the carbon components in these catalysts and their impact on catalytic performance, including electronic structure control by heteroatom doping, morphology adjustment, and the influence of self-supporting materials. It not only analyzes the progress in HER, but also provides guidance for synthesizing high-performance carbon-based transition metal catalysts.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-03)
Defect engineering by heteroatom doping gives carbon materials some new characteristics such as a different electronic structure and a high electrochemical activity, making them suitable for high-performance applications. N-doping has been widely investigated because of its similar atom radius to carbon, high electronegativity as well as many different configurations. We summarize the preparation methods and properties of N-doped carbon materials, and discuss their possible use in sodium ion storage. The relationships between N content/configuration and crystallinity, electronic conductivity, wettability, chemical reactivity as well as sodium ion storage performance are discussed.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-04)
A transformation of naphthalene-based coalescenced mesophase pitch (NMP) to mesophase microbeads was achieved by heating a mixture of NMP and fullerene (C60). This is different from the conventional process of the liquid-phase carbonization of isotropic pitch to the emergence of carbon microbeads in the matrix and finally their growth to form a 100% anisotropic bulk mesophase, but rather a reverse transformation. The effects of C60 loading and reaction temperature on the morphological transformation of mesophase were investigated by polarizing optical and scanning electron microscopies. The physical changes in the NMP induced by C60 were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the coalesced NMP can be converted to a spherical type at 300–320 °C with the addition of 5% C60, and the size of the mesophase microbeads increases with increasing temperature. Furthermore, a model is established to explain the unique induction effect of C60 in the transformation process. This work makes the morphological transformation of MP controllable, and provides a new idea for the understanding and research of mesophase pitch.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-06)
In recent years, zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their environmental friendliness and excellent electrochemical properties. However, their performance is mainly limited by the electrochemical performance of the cathode, so it is necessary to develop an advanced cathode material. N, B co-doped sodium alginate-based porous carbon (NBSPC) was prepared by one-step co-carbonization using sodium alginate as the matrix and NH4B5O8 as the N and B source. This N, B co-doping strategy improves the pore structure of the carbon materials and increases the number of surface functional groups, greatly improving the capacitive behavior of the raw materials and thus improving their electrochemical performance. When used as the cathode in ZIHCs, the NBSPC had an excellent rate performance (85.4 mA h g−1 even at ultra-high current density of 40 A g−1) and good cycling stability (15 000 cycles at 20 A g−1 with a capacity retention rate of 94.5%).
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.006
Understanding the anchorage performance of en-echelon joints under cyclic shear loading is crucial for optimizing support strategies in jointed rock masses. This study examines the anchorage effects on en-echelon joints with various orientations using laboratory cyclic shear tests. By comparing unbolted and bolted en-echelon joints, we analyze shear zone damage, shear properties, dilatancy, energy absorption, and acoustic emission characteristics to evaluate anchoring effects across shear cycles and joint orientations. Results reveal that bolted en-echelon joints experience more severe shear zone damage after cycles, with bolt deformation correlating to shear zone width. Bolted en-echelon joints exhibit faster shear strength deterioration and higher cumulative strength loss compared to unbolted ones, with losses ranging from 20.04% to 72.76%. The compressibility of en-echelon joints reduces the anchoring effect during shear cycles, leading to lower shear strength of bolted en-echelon joints in later stages of shear cycles compared to unbolted ones. Bolts reinforce en-echelon joints more effectively at non-positive angles, with the best performance observed at 0° and –60°. Anchorage accelerates the transition from rolling friction to sliding friction in the shear zone, enhancing energy absorption, which is crucial for rock projects under dynamic shear loading. Additionally, rock bolts expedite the transition of the cumulative AE hits and cumulative AE energy curves from rapid to steady growth, indicating that strong bolt-rock interactions accelerate crack initiation, propagation, and energy release.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.003
Accurate acquisition of the rock stress is crucial for various rock engineering applications. The hollow inclusion (HI) technique is widely used for measuring in-situ rock stress. This technique calculates the stress tensor by measuring strain using an HI strain cell. However, existing analytical solutions for stress calculation based on an HI strain cell in a double-layer medium are not applicable when an HI strain cell is used in a three-layer medium, leading to erroneous stress calculations. To address this issue, this paper presents a method for calculating stress tensors in a three-layer medium using numerical simulations, specifically by obtaining a constitutive matrix that relates strain measurements to stress tensors in a three-layer medium. Furthermore, using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and orthogonal experimental design strategies, 764 groups of numerical models encompassing various stress measurement scenarios have been established and calculated using FLAC3D software. Finally, a surrogate model based on artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict constitutive matrices, achieving a goodness of fit (R2) of 0.999 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.254. A software program has been developed from this surrogate model for ease of use in practical engineering applications. The method's accuracy was verified through numerical simulations, analytical solution and laboratory experiment, demonstrating its effectiveness in calculating stress in a three-layer medium. The surrogate model was applied to calculate mining-induced stress in the roadway roof rock of a coal mine, a typical case for stress measurement in a three-layer medium. Errors in stress calculations arising from the use of existing analytical solutions were corrected. The study also highlights the significant errors associated with using double-layer analytical solutions in a three-layer medium, which could lead to inappropriate engineering design.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030039
In this study, with the aim of achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in an electron-bombarded complementary metal−oxide−semiconductor (EBCMOS) imaging chip, we analyzed the sources of noise using principles from low-light-level imaging and semiconductor theory, and established a physical computational model that relates the electron-multiplication layer to the noise characteristics of an EBCMOS chip in a uniformly doped structure with a P-type substrate. We conducted theoretical calculations to analyze the effects on noise characteristics of the passivation layer material and thickness, P-substrate doping concentration, P-substrate thickness, incident electron energy, and substrate temperature. By comparing the characteristics of pixel noise, dark current, multiplication electron numbers, and SNR under various structures, we simulated optimized structural parameters of the device. Our simulation results showed that the noise characteristics of the device could be optimized using an Al2O3 passivation thickness of 15 nm and substrate temperature of 260 K, and by decreasing the doping concentration and thickness of the P-type substrate and increasing the incident electron energy. The optimized SNR were 252 e/e. And the substantial impact of dark current noise, primarily governed by interfacial defects, on the overall noise characteristics of the device. This research offers theoretical support to develop EBCMOS imaging chips with high gain and SNR.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.007
In the steel slag-based mine backfill cementitious material systems, the hydration reaction mechanisms and synergistic effects of steel slag (SS), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and desulfurization gypsum (DG) are crucial for performance optimization and regulation. However, existing studies have yet to fully reveal the underlying synergistic mechanisms, which limits the application and promotion of high SS content in mine backfill and low-carbon building materials. This study systematically explores the synergistic effects between various solid wastes and their regulation of the hydration process in the SS-based cementitious system through multi-scale characterization techniques. The results show that GBFS, by releasing active Si4+ and Al3+, triggers a synergistic activation effect with Ca2+ provided by SS, promoting the formation of C-S-H gel and ettringite, significantly optimizing the hardened paste microstructure. When the GBFS content reaches 30%, the C-S-H content increases by 40.8%, the pore size distribution improves, the proportion of large pores decreases by 68.7%, and the 90-day compressive strength increases to 5 times that of the baseline group. The sulfate activation effect of DG accelerates the hydration of silicate minerals, but excessive incorporation (>16%) can lead to microcracks caused by the expansion of AFt crystals, resulting in a strength reduction. Under the synergistic effect of 8% DG and 30% GBFS, the hydration reaction is most intense, with the peak heat release rate reaching 0.92 mW/g and the cumulative heat release amount being 240 J/g. By constructing a “SS-GBFS-DG-cement” quaternary synergistic system (mass ratio range: SS:GBFS:cement:DG=(50–62):(20–40):10:(8–12)), the matching of active components in high-content SS systems was optimized, significantly improving microstructural defects and meeting engineering application requirements. This study provides a theoretical basis for the component design and performance regulation of high-content SS-based cementitious materials.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5161-3
With the increase in power of the industrial gas turbine and thrust-weight ratio of aeroengine, the conventional strengthening method of adding refractory elements into superalloys has become difficult to meet the demands for the higher mechanical properties. A novel Ni-based superalloy was designed with enhanced strength and hardness based on the graphene nanosheets (GNs) synergistic in-situ nano-carbides strengthening in the present work. Nano-carbides were induced by in-situ reaction of the GNs with alloy powders during additive manufacturing. The microstructure and thermophysical properties of different alloys with 0.1wt.% GNs and without GNs were investigated by SEM, EBSD, TEM, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Residual GNs were also detected by SANS and DSC. The nano-carbides are uniformly distributed in the matrix and combine with residual GNs to refine the cellular structure. Compared with the original alloy (ASE100), the hardness of the alloy with 0.1wt.% GNs (ASE100-0.1GN) is increased by 31 HV (from 315 HV to 346 HV), and the yield tensile strength is increased by 86 MPa (from 756 MPa to 842 MPa). The GNs react with alloy melt in the molten pools to generate nano-carbides under the Marangoni effect during manufacturing process. The dispersion nano-carbides are distributed at both grain boundaries and within grains, effectively hindering the movement of dislocation and enhancing the strength of alloy.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01315-6
Short-arc machining is a novel electrical discharge machining method that utilizes high-energy arc discharge as the energy carrier. Due to its low cost and high processing efficiency, it has been widely applied in the efficient processing of superalloys. To address the challenges of efficient and high-precision processing of superalloys, a processing method combining short-arc machining with precision milling is employed. Advanced material characterization techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) are utilized to analyze the physical properties of the recast layer and surface crystal characteristics. High-temperature low-cycle fatigue life tests are conducted to investigate the correlation between fatigue life and typical surface integrity parameters (surface roughness, residual stress), as well as crystallographic parameters (grain size, grain orientation spread, geometrically necessary dislocations). Processing parameter optimization is achieved with fatigue life as the target. The results indicate that at high temperatures during short-arc machining, the surface material underwent recrystallisation to form a recast layer with a grain size reduction of 85.5% and a heat affected layer depth of over 400 μm. The trends in fatigue life are consistent with changes in residual stress, grain orientation spread and geometrically necessary dislocations. Selecting a larger axial depth of cut and lower feed per tooth is advantageous for achieving a higher fatigue life. The proposed research provides an instruction for high efficient precision machining of superalloys.