• • LSON-50 pellets achieve 0.330 g/g CO2 capacity at 650 °C under 15 vol% CO2, a 4.1-fold increase over unmodified LSO-0 (0.080 g/g), directly addressing the diffusion-limited performance of densified pellets in fluidized bed reactors.
• • After 50 adsorption–desorption cycles, LSON-50 retains 0.284 g/g (86% of initial capacity), demonstrating cyclic stability that meets industrial thresholds for long-term operation without frequent sorbent replacement.
• • Attrition loss remains below 10% for LSON-50, satisfying mechanical durability requirements for fluidized bed systems where excessive fines generation leads to pressure drop and material loss.
• • SCG loading of 50 wt% (LSO-50) yields 0.275 g/g without external Na doping, confirming that the biomass alone provides the primary performance enhancement; LSON-70 is excluded due to insufficient mechanical stability, highlighting a trade-off between porosity and pellet integrity.