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🏛️ Key Research Academy36 Indexed Works

Wuhan University

Verified scientific contributions, CAS laboratory outputs, clinical trial papers, and engineering breakthroughs produced by researchers and faculty affiliated with Wuhan University.

Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials (含能材料)•2026

Review on Ship Structural Damage and Protection Subjected to Underwater Contact Explosions

Authors: MING Furen, JIN Yuenan, ZHANG Bowen, ZHU Shipeng, JIANG Ruihan, ZHANG Nu, ZHANG Aman

Underwater contact explosions from torpedoes and mines pose severe threats to ship survivability. The coupled effects of shock waves, bubbles, and secondary fragments induce complex structural damage. This review first analyzes the load characteristics of underwater contact explosions, detailing the spatial-temporal evolution of shock waves, bubbles, and secondary fragments. Subsequently, it examines protective mechanisms from two perspectives: multi-cabin structural protection and composite structure/material protection, focusing on damage suppression and energy dissipation. Finally, key technical challenges are summarized to guide future research. The review highlights that shock waves cause initial indentation and perforation of the outer plate, while bubble pulsation and collapse jets dominate subsequent large deformation and tearing of bulkheads. Experimental studies show that stiffened plates exhibit significant strain growth during bubble pulsation, potentially exceeding shock wave effects. Multi-cabin designs, such as liquid-filled compartments, effectively mitigate damage through energy absorption and impedance mismatch. Composite materials offer enhanced blast resistance but face scalability issues. The paper underscores the need for high-fidelity numerical methods and experimental validation to resolve controversies regarding dominant damage mechanisms. This work provides a comprehensive reference for advancing ship structural protection against underwater contact explosions.

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China Foundry•2026

Factors influencing high-temperature compressive strength of alkaline phenolic resin-bonded sand

Authors: Xin Peng, Yu-yang Qi, Peng Yu, Peng Wan, Zhen-wei Liu, Wen Li, Xu Shen, Xiao-yuan Ji, Ya-jun Yin, Yuan-cai Li, Jian-xin Zhou

During the casting process, no-bake resin-bonded sand molds and cores rapidly heat up upon contact with high-temperature molten metal, causing dramatic changes in the resin binder system and a significant deterioration in mechanical properties, which subsequently leads to casting defects. To reveal the mechanism behind the evolution of high-temperature performance, the effects of resin content, base sand type, and particle size on the compressive strength of alkaline phenolic no-bake resin-bonded sand at temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 1,000 °C were investigated. The results show that the temperature range of 600-800 °C represents the primary stage of strength loss, corresponding to intense resin decomposition. Meanwhile, structural reorganization of the carbon skeleton above 900 °C can lead to a partial recovery of strength. This study provides key data and theoretical support for understanding the high-temperature mechanical behavior of resin-bonded sand and its relationship with casting defects.

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China Foundry (中国铸造 - 英文版)•2026

Automatic gating and riser system design and defect control for K4169 superalloy guide blade casting based on parametric 3D modeling-simulation integrated system

Authors: Le-chuan Li, Ya-jun Yin, Bing-zheng Fan, Guo-yan Shui, Xiao-yuan Ji, Jian-xin Zhou, Lei Jin

Automation and intelligence have become the primary trends in the design of investment casting processes. However, the design of gating and riser systems still lacks precise quantitative evaluation criteria. Numerical simulation plays a significant role in quantitatively evaluating current processes and making targeted improvements, but its limitations lie in the inability to dynamically reflect the formation outcomes of castings under varying process conditions, making real-time adjustments to gating and riser designs challenging. In this study, an automated design model for gating and riser systems based on integrated parametric 3D modeling-simulation framework is proposed, which enhances the flexibility and usability of evaluating the casting process by simulation. Firstly, geometric feature extraction technology is employed to obtain the geometric information of the target casting. Based on this information, an automated design framework for gating and riser systems is established, incorporating multiple structural parameters for real-time process control. Subsequently, the simulation results for various structural parameters are analyzed, and the influence of these parameters on casting formation is thoroughly investigated. Finally, the optimal design scheme is generated and validated through experimental verification. Simulation analysis and experimental results show that using a larger gate neck (24 mm in side length) and external risers promotes a more uniform temperature distribution and a more stable flow state, effectively eliminating shrinkage cavities and enhancing process yield by 15%.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2026

Regulating Li+ Transport and Interfacial Stability with Zwitterionic COF Protective Layer Towards High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries

Authors: Liya Rong, Yifeng Han, Chi Zhang, Hongling Yao, Zhaojun He, Xianbao Wang, Zaiping Guo, Tao Mei

The sluggish Li+ migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, an artificial protective layer is constructed using zwitterionic covalent organic framework (Z-COF) simultaneously containing sulfonate and ethidium groups, aiming to facilitate rapid, uniform Li+ transport and stabilize anode interface. The sulfonate groups with high lithiophilicity provide abundant hopping sites for fast Li+ diffusion. The ethidium cations immobilize TFSI− and solvent molecules by ion–dipole interactions, which accelerate the dissociation of LiTFSI and Li+ desolvation. Moreover, the monodispersed zwitterionic units coupling with ordered micropore structures in Z-COF create exclusive Li+ migration channels, modulate homogeneous space charge distribution, kinetically facilitating uniform Li+ deposition. Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that C–F and S–N bonds of TFSI− exhibit enhanced cleavage susceptibility driven by electrostatic attraction, realizing a LiF/Li3N-rich electrolyte/electrode interface. The designed Z-COF protection layer enables Li|Li symmetrical cells stable cycling over 6300 h at 2 mA cm−2/2 mAh cm−2. The Z-COF@Li|LiFePO4 (LFP) full cells deliver high-capacity retention of 85.2% after 1000 cycles at 8 C. The assembled Z-COF@Li|LFP pouch cells demonstrate a lifespan of more than 240 cycles. This work provides fresh insights into the practical application of zwitterionic COF in next-generation LMBs.

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New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025

A review of graphene assembled films as platforms for electrochemical reactions

Authors: ZHU Yong-fang, JI Xiao-dong, PAN Wen-kai, WU Geng, LI Peng, LIU Bo, HE Da-ping

Because of their low electrical conductivity, sluggish ion diffusion, and poor stability, conventional electrode materials are not able to meet the growing demands of energy storage and portable devices. Graphene assembled films (GAFs) formed from graphene nanosheets have an ultrahigh conductivity, a unique 2D network structure, and exceptional mechanical strength, which give them the potential to solve these problems. However, a systematic understanding of GAFs as an advanced electrode material is lacking. This review focuses on the use of GAFs in electrochemistry, providing a comprehensive analysis of their synthesis methods, surface/structural characteristics, and physical properties, and thus understand their structure-property relationships. Their advantages in batteries, supercapacitors, and electrochemical sensors are systematically evaluated, with an emphasis on their excellent electrical conductivity, ion transport kinetics, and interfacial stability. The existing problems in these devices, such as chemical inertness and mechanical brittleness, are discussed and potential solutions are proposed, including defect engineering and hybrid structures. This review should deepen our mechanistic understanding of the use of GAFs in electrochemical systems and provide actionable strategies for developing stable, high-performance electrode materials.

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Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025

Research on heterojunction semiconductor photodetectors based on CsPbBr3 QDs/CsPbBrxI3–x QDs

Authors: Chenguang Shen, Mengwei Chen, Wei Huang, Yingping Yang

All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have attracted extensive attention in photoelectric detection for their excellent photoelectric properties and stability. However, the CsPbBr3 quantum dot film exhibits a high non-radiative recombination rate, and the mismatch in energy levels with the carbon electrode weakens hole extraction efficiency. These reduces the device's performance. To improve this, a semiconductor photodetector based on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/dense titanium dioxide (c-TiO2)/mesoporous titanium dioxide (m-TiO2)/CsPbBr3 QDs/CsPbBrxI3–x (x = 2, 1.5, 1) QDs/C structure was studied. By adjusting the Br– : I– ratio, the synthesized CsPbBrxI3–x (x = 2, 1.5, 1) QDs showed an adjustable band gap width of 2.284−2.394 eV. And forming a type Ⅱ band structure with CsPbBr3 QDs, which reduced the valence band offset between the active layer and the carbon electrode, this promoted carrier extraction and reduced non-radiative recombination rate. Compared with the original device (the photosensitive layer is CsPbBr3 QDs), the performance of the photodetector based on the CsPbBr3 QDs/CsPbBr2I QDs heterostructure is significantly improved, the responsivity (R) increased by 73%, the specific detectivity rate (D*) increased from 6.98 × 1012 to 3.19 × 1013 Jones, the on/off ratio reached 106. This study provides a new idea for the development of semiconductor tandem detectors.

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025

Effects of electroshock treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ti−8Al−1Mo−1V alloy

Authors: Jian ZHOU, Yu-peng YAO, Hong-xin SUN, Chang LIU, Yan WEN, Li-qiang WANG, Lai-chang ZHANG, Le-chun XIE, Lin HUA

The effect mechanism of electroshock treatment (EST) on microstructure evolution and mechanical property variations of Ti−8Al−1Mo−1V alloy was investigated. The results show that EST results in the phase transformation from the acicular secondary αs to β phase. While the EST time is 0.12 s, the acicular martensitic phase (αM) precipitates. The results of electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) reveals that the average grain size decreases from 3.95 to 2.53 μm after EST, indicating that the grains are refined, and the significant recrystallization behavior and martensitic transformation occur. The orientation distribution reveals a more uniform distribution of texture, which is caused by the variation of crystal orientation after the phase transformation. The compression fracture behavior of materials indicates that EST significantly enhances the yield strength while reduces the fracture strain. The improvement of yield strength is mainly attributed to the precipitation of martensitic phase. All results indicate that EST is an effective approach for manipulating the microstructure and optimizing the texture distribution of titanium alloys.

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Ship Mechanics (船舶力学)•2025

Numerical Analysis on Influence of Preset Bubble in a Fluid-filled Structure on the Characteristics of Projectile Penetration and Structural Failure

Authors: WU Meng-meng, HOU Hai-liang, LI Dian, LI Yong-qing, XIA Wei-xue, YANG Shao-hong

In this paper, the failure caused by HRAM loads which were generated by high-speed projectile penetration, and protection technology of the fluid-filled structure were explored. A bubble was preset on the projectile trajectory in a fluid-filled structure. Based on the reflection and transmission phenomena of pressure waves at the gas-liquid interface and the compressibility characteristics of gases, a numerical analysis was conducted on the influence of preset bubble on projectile penetration and structural failure characteristics. The results indicate that the secondary water-entry impact phenomenon occurs when a preset bubble exists on the projectile trajectory, leading to the secondary water entry impact loads. The rarefaction waves reflected on the surface of the preset bubble cause the attenuation ratio of the initial impact pressure peak to reach 68.8% and the total specific impulse attenuation ratio to reach 48.6%. Furthermore, the larger the bubble, the faster the projectile, and the more obvious the attenuation effect. Moreover, due to the compressibility of the bubble, the global deformation attenuation ratio of the front and rear walls can reach over 80%. However, the larger the bubble size, the faster the projectile velocity, the smaller the local deformation attenuation effect of the rear wall, and the more severe the failure at the perforation of the rear wall.

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Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025

Multi-scale damage and fracture analysis and statistical damage constitutive model of shallow coral reef limestone based on digital core

Authors: Yingwei Zhu, Xinping Li, Zhengrong Zhou, Dengxing Qu, Fei Meng, Shaohua Hu, Wenjie Li

Coral reef limestone (CRL) constitutes a distinctive marine carbonate formation with complex mechanical properties. This study investigates the multiscale damage and fracture mechanisms of CRL through integrated experimental testing, digital core technology, and theoretical modelling. Two CRL types with contrasting mesostructures were characterized across three scales. Macroscopically, CRL-I and CRL-II exhibited mean compressive strengths of 8.46 and 5.17 MPa, respectively. Mesoscopically, CRL-I featured small-scale highly interconnected pores, whilst CRL-II developed larger stratified pores with diminished connectivity. Microscopically, both CRL matrices demonstrated remarkable similarity in mineral composition and mechanical properties. A novel voxel average-based digital core scaling methodology was developed to facilitate numerical simulation of cross-scale damage processes, revealing network-progressive failure in CRL-I versus directional-brittle failure in CRL-II. Furthermore, a damage statistical constitutive model based on digital core technology and mesoscopic homogenisation theory established quantitative relationships between microelement strength distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior. These findings illuminate the fundamental mechanisms through which mesoscopic structure governs the macroscopic mechanical properties of CRL.

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Ship Mechanics (船舶力学)•2025

Discussion on Methods and Influence Factors for Minimum Propulsion Power Assessment

Authors: ZHAN Xing-yu, MAO Xiao-fei, LI Ting-qiu

Currently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has approved and implemented the assessment requirement for Minimum Propulsion Power (MPP) of ships in adverse sea conditions. The assessment method and relevant influence factors will have a vital impact on ship's design and operation. On the other hand, MPP is essentially a criterion for manoeuvring safety at actual seas. However, the practical assessment methods adopted in IMO guidelines do not directly and accurately account for ship's course-keeping ability in severe seas. A time-domain comprehensive method with supplementary course-keeping ability criteria has been proposed in the authors' preliminary research. Based on an updated mathematical model and criteria, this paper presents more detailed elaborations, results and discussions on the time-domain method, including the comparative analyses with a power line method and two steady-state equilibrium methods based on IMO guidelines and draft. Discussions on the influences of key factors, involving criterion conditions and calculation parameters, are also presented. The results indicate that different methods exhibit varying advantages and complexity in MPP assessment, thus constituting a multi-level assessment framework for MPP. In particular, the time-domain comprehensive assessment has a higher accuracy with more realistic description of manoeuvre behaviors, capable of offering a solution for the ships that cannot meet other assessments, or for the assessment requiring additional course-keeping ability. Furthermore, an expanded range of wave direction sets a stricter but potentially necessary requirement, while using the self-propulsion factors at low speeds can eliminate the unnecessary conservation of assessment result caused by those at design speed.

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Ship Mechanics (船舶力学)•2025

Fixed-time Target-guided Coordinate Control of Unmanned Surface Vehicles Based on Dynamic Surface Control

Authors: LI Chao-yi, XU Hai-xiang, YU Wen-zhao, DU Zhe, DING Ya-nan

This paper investigates the target-guided coordinated control (TACC) of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). In the scenario of tracking non-cooperative targets, the status information of the target can only be obtained by some USVs. To achieve semi-encirclement tracking of non-cooperative targets under maritime security conditions, a fixed-time tracking control method based on dynamic surface control (DSC) is proposed. Firstly, a novel TACC architecture with decoupled kinematic and kinetic control laws is designed to reduce the complexity of control system design. Secondly, the proposed DSC-based target-guided kinematic control law, including a tracking points pre-allocation strategy and sigmoid artificial potential functions (SigAPFs), can avoid collisions during the tracking process and optimize kinematic control output. Finally, a fixed-time TACC system is proposed to achieve fast convergence of kinematic and kinetic errors. The effectiveness of the proposed TACC approach in improving target tracking safety and reducing control output chattering is verified by simulation comparison results.

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Ship Mechanics (船舶力学)•2025

Bottom Pressure Field Induced by Submerged Vehicle in Regular Waves

Authors: YI Wen-bin, ZHANG Zhi-hong, DENG Hui, MENG Qing-chang, XIA Wei-xue, WANG Chong, LI Pei-hao

The finite volume method was applied to numerically simulate the bottom pressure field induced by regular waves, vehicles in calm water and vehicles in regular waves. The solution of Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations in the vicinity of numerical wave tank's boundary was forced towards the wave theoretical solution by incorporating momentum source terms, thereby reducing adverse effects such as wave reflection. Simulations utilizing laminar flow, turbulent flow, and ideal fluid models were all found capable of effectively capturing the waveform and bottom pressure of regular waves, agreeing well with experimental data. In predicting the bottom pressure field of the submerged vehicle, turbulent simulations considering fluid viscosity and boundary layer development provided more accurate predictions for the stern region than inviscid simulations. Due to sphere's diffractive effect, the sphere's bottom pressure field in waves is not a linear superposition of the wave's and the sphere's bottom pressure field. However, a slender submerged vehicle exhibits a weaker diffractive effect on waves, thus the submerged vehicle's bottom pressure field in waves can be approximated as a linear superposition of the wave's and the submerged vehicle's bottom pressure field, which simplifies computation and analysis.

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China Foundry•2025

A new oolitic content test method for green sand by repeated approximation

Authors: Yu-yang Qi, Jian-xin Zhou, Xin Peng, Si-yuan Pan, Ya-jun Yin, Xiao-yuan Ji, Yuan-cai Li, Peng-fei Lin, Peng Wan

The reuse of green sand in casting production is hindered by the accumulation of oolitic deposits, primarily composed of clay binder with surface degradation, which may adversely affect the the moulding sand performance. Currently, there is a lack of standardized methods for quantifying the oolitic content. Accurate measurement of oolitic content is of great significance to the reuse of green sand. Attempts to determine oolitic content using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) methods encounter challenges due to their excessive reactions with SiO2 in the sand. In this study, an improved method for measuring the oolitic content of green sand with repeated approximations was proposed. This method judges the chemical activity of the sample surface through the change of its mass to accurately obtain the mass of the reaction oolitic deposits. The test result of the used sand samples from the foundry shows that the oolitic deposits are completely removed after reacting with KOH solution three times at 300 °C for 20 min. SEM and EDS also show that after three times of reactions, the surface of green sand becomes smooth and the content of Al-containing oolitic deposits is very low. This indicates that the method can accurately control the extent of the reaction. Implementation of this method at Huangshi Dongbei Casting Co., Ltd. has yielded consistent and reliable test results, effectively mirroring variations in green sand oolitic content on the production line. This new method is expected to be widely adopted to improve the efficiency and quality of reused green sand in casting operations.

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China Foundry•2025

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of A356/6061 bimetal fabricated by liquid-solid compound casting

Authors: Chang-li Liu, Peng-fei Xing, Hong Zheng, Qi Gao, Meng-wu Wu

A356/6061 bimetallic specimens were prepared by liquid-solid compound casting. The effects of various casting conditions on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the bimetallic specimens were studied. Results demonstrate that a combination of chemical zinc deposition and electroplating can create a dense protective layer on the surface of the 6061 aluminum bar, achieving complete metallurgical bonding at the bimetallic interface. The interfacial microstructure is primarily characterized by equiaxed grain formation, with eutectic silicon distributed along the grain boundaries. Notably, the thickness of the zinc plating layer does not significantly influence the microstructure of the interface transition layer. Pouring temperature is critical for establishing metallurgical bonding at the bimetallic interface, with the thickness of the transition layer increasing as the pouring temperature rises. The hardness of the bimetallic composite interface falls between the hardness values of the two constituent materials. While the thickness of the galvanized layer has a minimal effect on interfacial shear strength, there is a slight decrease in shear strength with increasing pouring temperature, with a maximum value recorded at 68 MPa.

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China Foundry•2025

Preparation of soluble ceramic cores via additive manufacturing technology: A review

Authors: Xiao-peng Yu, Wen-ming Jiang, Yun-xia Wang, Li Yang, Zi-wei Peng, Zi-tian Fan

Ceramic cores are key components in the production of castings with complex cavity structures. With the continuous development of the aerospace field, the demand for the castings with complex cavity structures is increasing. When using insoluble ceramic cores for casting, there is a significant challenge in removing complex blind cavities, which severely affects the completeness of the shape of the castings. Soluble ceramic cores can disintegrate when placed in water, greatly simplifying the removal process of cores and ensuring the complete formation of castings with complex cavity structures. Additive manufacturing technology, compared to traditional methods for preparing the soluble ceramic cores, does not require molds and can achieve direct forming of complex cores, simplifying the preparation process and reducing production time and costs. Nowadays, various additive manufacturing technologies, such as stereolithography (SL), selective laser sintering (SLS), direct ink writing (DIW), and binder jetting (BJ) technologies, have been successfully applied to the preparation of the ceramic cores. This paper analyzed the advantages and limitations of various additive manufacturing technologies, reviewed the research progress and raw material classifications of soluble ceramic cores prepared by these technologies, and looked forward to the future developments in the preparation of soluble ceramic cores using additive manufacturing technologies.

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China Foundry•2025

Contextual design and real-time verification for agile casting design

Authors: Dong Xiang, Chu-hao Zhou, Xuan-pu Dong, Shu-ren Guo, Yan-song Ding, Hua-tang Cao

In the foundry industries, process design has traditionally relied on manuals and complex theoretical calculations. With the advent of 3D design in casting, computer-aided design (CAD) has been applied to integrate the features of casting process, thereby expanding the scope of design options. These technologies use parametric model design techniques for rapid component creation and use databases to access standard process parameters and design specifications. However, 3D models are currently still created through inputting or calling parameters, which requires numerous verifications through calculations to ensure the design rationality. This process may be significantly slowed down due to repetitive modifications and extended design time. As a result, there are increasingly urgent demands for a real-time verification mechanism to address this issue. Therefore, this study proposed a novel closed-loop model and software development method that integrated contextual design with real-time verification, dynamically verifying relevant rules for designing 3D casting components. Additionally, the study analyzed three typical closed-loop scenarios of agile design in an independent developed intelligent casting process system. It is believed that foundry industries can potentially benefit from favorably reduced design cycles to yield an enhanced competitive product market.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Synthesis Strategies and Multi-field Applications of Nanoscale High-Entropy Alloys

Authors: Bin Zhang, Qingxue Mu, Ye Pei, Siyu Hu, Shuo Liu, Taolei Sun, Guanbin Gao

Alloying strategies have proven effective in enhancing the properties of metallic materials. However, conventional alloying strategies face significant limitations in preparing nanoscale multi-alloys and continuous optimizing surface-active sites. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) display a broader spectrum of unique properties due to their complex electron distribution and atomic-level heterogeneity arising from the stochastic mixing of multiple elements, which provides a diverse array of binding sites and almost continuous distribution of binding energies. This review aims to summarize recent research advancements in synthesis strategies and multi-field applications of nanoscale HEAs. It emphasizes several commonly employed synthesis strategies and significant challenges in synthesizing nanoscale HEAs. Finally, we present a comprehensive analysis of the advantages of HEAs for multi-field applications, emphasizing significant application trends related to nanosizing and multidimensionalization to develop more efficient nanoscale HEAs.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

In Situ Polymerization in COF Boosts Li-Ion Conduction in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries

Authors: Junchen Meng, Mengjia Yin, Kairui Guo, Xingping Zhou, Zhigang Xue

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have garnered considerable interest in the field of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) owing to their exceptional mechanical strength, excellent designability, and heightened safety characteristics. However, their inherently low ion transport efficiency poses a major challenge for their application in LMBs. To address this issue, covalent organic framework (COF) with their ordered ion transport channels, chemical stability, large specific surface area, and designable multifunctional sites has shown promising potential to enhance lithium-ion conduction. Here, we prepared an anionic COF, TpPa-COOLi, which can catalyze the ring-opening copolymerization of cyclic lactone monomers for the in situ fabrication of SPEs. The design leverages the high specific surface area of COF to facilitate the absorption of polymerization precursor and catalyze the polymerization within the pores, forming additional COF-polymer junctions that enhance ion transport pathways. The partial exfoliation of COF achieved through these junctions improved its dispersion within the polymer matrix, preserving ion transport channels and facilitating ion transport across COF grain boundaries. By controlling variables to alter the crystallinity of TpPa-COOLi and the presence of –COOLi substituents, TpPa-COOLi with partial long-range order and –COOLi substituents exhibited superior electrochemical performance. This research demonstrates the potential in constructing high-performance SPEs for LMBs.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Manipulating Interfacial Stability via Preferential Absorption for Highly Stable and Safe 4.6 V LiCoO2 Cathode

Authors: Long Chen, Xin He, Yiqing Chen, Youmin Hou, Yujie Zhang, Kangli Wang, Xinping Ai, Yuliang Cao, Zhongxue Chen

Elevating the upper cutoff voltage to 4.6 V could effectively increase the reversible capacity of LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode, whereas the irreversible structural transition, unstable electrode/electrolyte interface and potentially induced safety hazards severely hinder its industrial application. Building a robust cathode/electrolyte interface film by electrolyte engineering is one of the efficient approaches to boost the performance of high-voltage LCO (HV-LCO); however, the elusive interfacial chemistry poses substantial challenges to the rational design of highly compatible electrolytes. Herein, we propose a novel electrolyte design strategy and screen proper solvents based on two factors: highest occupied molecular orbital energy level and LCO absorption energy. Tris (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate is determined as the optimal solvent, whose low defluorination energy barrier significantly promotes the construction of LiF-rich cathode/electrolyte interface layer on the surface of LCO, thereby eventually suppresses the phase transition and enhances Li+ diffusion kinetics. The rationally designed electrolyte endows graphite||HV-LCO pouch cells with long cycle life (85.3% capacity retention after 700 cycles), wide-temperature adaptability (−60–80 °C) and high safety (pass nail penetration). This work provides new insights into the electrolyte screening and rational design to constructing stable interface for high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Mechanical Response and Superelastic Properties of Cu-11.85Al-3.2Mn-0.1Ti TPMS Structures Printed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Authors: Mingzhu Dang, Honghao Xiang, Jingjing Li, Chunsheng Ye, Chao Cai, Qingsong Wei

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are structures with smooth surfaces and excellent energy absorption properties. Combining new functional materials, such as shape memory alloys, with TPMS structures provides a novel and promising research field. In this study, three TPMS structures (Gyroid, Diamond, and Primitive) of Cu-11.85Al-3.2Mn-0.1Ti alloy were printed by laser powder bed fusion, which is favorable for the fabrication of complex structures. The manufacturing fidelity, mechanical response, and superelastic properties of the three structures were investigated. Stress distributions in the three structures during compression were analyzed by finite element (FE) simulation. The three structures were equipped with high-quality, glossy surfaces and uniform pores. However, due to powder adhesion and forming steps, there were volumetric errors and dimensional deviations between the samples and the CAD models. The errors were within 1.6% for the Gyroid and Diamond structures. The dimensional deviations at the nodes in the three structures were less than 0.09 mm. The microstructures of all structures were β1´ martensite, consistent with the cubic sample. Experimental results of compression showed that the structures underwent a layer-by-layer compression failure mode, and the Primitive structures exhibited a more pronounced oscillatory process. The Diamond structures showed the highest first fracture stress and strain of 164.67 MPa and 13.89%, respectively. It also possessed the lowest yield strength (61.97 MPa) and the best energy absorption properties (7.6 MJ/m3). Through the deformation analysis, the Gyroid and Diamond structures were found to fracture at a 45° direction, while the Primitive structures fractured horizontally. These findings were consistent with the results obtained from the FE simulation, which showed equivalent stress distributions. After applying various pre-strains, the Diamond structures displayed the highest superelastic strain of up to 3.53%. The superelastic recovery of all samples ranged from 63.5% to 71.5%.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Cutting Force and State Identification in High-Speed Milling: a Semi-Analytical Multi-Dimensional Approach

Authors: Yu Zhang, Xianyin Duan, Kunpeng Zhu

High-speed milling (HSM) is advantageous for machining high-quality complex-structure surface components with various materials. Identifying and estimating cutting force signals for characterizing HSM is of high significance. However, considering the tool runout and size effects, many proposed models focus on the material and mechanical characteristics. This study presents a novel approach for predicting micromilling cutting forces using a semi-analytical multidimensional model that integrates experimental empirical data and a mechanical theoretical force model. A novel analytical optimization approach is provided to identify the cutting forces, classify the cutting states, and determine the tool runout using an adaptive algorithm that simplifies modeling and calculation. The instantaneous un-deformed chip thickness (IUCT) is determined from the trochoidal trajectories of each tool flute and optimized using the bisection method. Herein, the computational efficiency is improved, and the errors are clarified. The tool runout parameters are identified from the processed displacement signals and determined from the pre-processed vibration signals using an adaptive signal processing method. It is reliable and stable for determining tool runout and is an effective foundation for the force model. This approach is verified using HSM tests. Herein, the determination coefficients are stable above 0.9. It is convenient and efficient for achieving the key intermediate parameters (IUCT and tool runout), which can be generalized to various machining conditions and operations.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Aramid Nanofibers Aerogel Exhibiting High-Efficiency Thermoelectric Conversion and Precise Temperature Monitoring for Firefighting Clothing

Authors: Zhicai Yu, Yuhang Wan, Mi Zhou, Md Hasib Mia, Siqi Huo, Lele Huang, Jie Xu, Qing Jiang, Zhenrong Zheng, Xiaodong Hu, Hualing He

Enhancing the firefighting protective clothing with exceptional thermal barrier and temperature sensing functions to ensure high fire safety for firefighters has long been anticipated, but it remains a major challenge. Herein, inspired by the human muscle, an anisotropic fire safety aerogel (ACMCA) with precise self-actuated temperature monitoring performance is developed by combining aramid nanofibers with eicosane/MXene to form an anisotropically oriented conductive network. By combining the two synergies of the negative temperature-dependent thermal conductive eicosane, which induces a high-temperature differential, and directionally ordered MXene that establishes a conductive network along the directional freezing direction. The resultant ACMCA exhibited remarkable thermoelectric properties, with S values reaching 46.78 μV K−1 and κ values as low as 0.048 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature. Moreover, the prepared anisotropic aerogel ACMCA exhibited electrical responsiveness to temperature variations, facilitating its application in intelligent temperature monitoring systems. The designed anisotropic aerogel ACMCA could be incorporated into the firefighting clothing as a thermal barrier layer, demonstrating a wide temperature sensing range (50–400 °C) and a rapid response time for early high-temperature alerts (~1.43 s). This work provides novel insights into the design and application of temperature-sensitive anisotropic aramid nanofibers aerogel in firefighting clothing.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Boosting Sensitivity of Cellulose Pressure Sensor via Hierarchically Porous Structure

Authors: Minzhang Chen, Xiaoni An, Fengyan Zhao, Pan Chen, Junfeng Wang, Miaoqian Zhang, Ang Lu

Pressure sensors are essential for a wide range of applications, including health monitoring, industrial diagnostics, etc. However, achieving both high sensitivity and mechanical ability to withstand high pressure in a single material remains a significant challenge. This study introduces a high-performance cellulose hydrogel inspired by the biomimetic layered porous structure of human skin. The hydrogel features a novel design composed of a soft layer with large macropores and a hard layer with small micropores, each of which contribute uniquely to its pressure-sensing capabilities. The macropores in the soft part facilitate significant deformation and charge accumulation, providing exceptional sensitivity to low pressures. In contrast, the microporous structure in the hard part enhances pressure range, ensuring support under high pressures and preventing structural failure. The performance of hydrogel is further optimized through ion introduction, which improves its conductivity, and as well the sensitivity. The sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity of 1622 kPa⁻¹, a detection range up to 160 kPa, excellent conductivity of 4.01 S m⁻¹, rapid response time of 33 ms, and a low detection limit of 1.6 Pa, outperforming most existing cellulose-based sensors. This innovative hierarchically porous architecture not only enhances the pressure-sensing performance but also offers a simple and effective approach for utilizing natural polymers in sensing technologies. The cellulose hydrogel demonstrates significant potential in both health monitoring and industrial applications, providing a sensitive, durable, and versatile solution for pressure sensing.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Aggregation-Induced Emissive Scintillators: A New Frontier for Radiation Detection and Imaging

Authors: Xinyi Li, Jiafu Yu, Yinghao Fan, Yuting Gao, Guangda Niu

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a unique phenomenon where certain organic materials exhibit enhanced luminescence in their aggregated states, overcoming the typical quenching observed in conventional organic materials. Since its discovery in 2001, AIE has driven significant advances in fields like OLEDs and biological imaging, earning recognition in fundamental research. However, its application in high-energy radiation detection remains underexplored. Organic scintillators, though widely used, face challenges such as low light yield and poor radiation attenuation. AIE materials offer promising solutions by improving light yield, response speed, and radiation attenuation. This review summarizes the design strategies behind AIE scintillators and their very recent applications in X-ray, γ-ray, and fast neutron detection. We highlight their advantages in enhancing detection sensitivity, reducing background noise, and achieving high-resolution imaging. By addressing the current challenges, we believe AIE materials will play a pivotal role in advancing future radiation detection and imaging technologies.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Light Management in 2D Perovskite Toward High-Performance Optoelectronic Applications

Authors: Kailian Dong, Tao Jiang, Guoyi Chen, Hongsen Cui, Shuxin Wang, Shun Zhou, Chen Wang, Yi Yang, Fang Yao, Chen Tao, Weijun Ke, Guojia Fang

Two-dimensional Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskite has garnered significant attention due to its superior responsivity and operation stability. However, efforts are predominantly focused on discovering new organic spacer to synthesize novel perovskites, while material-form-associated light management, which is crucial for enhancing the photodetector’s efficiency, is largely overlooked. Herein, we introduced surface light management strategy into DJ-type perovskite system by synthesizing surface-patterned BDAPbBr4 (BPB, BDA = NH3(CH2)4NH3) microplates (MPs) using template-assisted space-confined method, which was further elucidated by theoretical optical simulation. By leveraging surface-patterned MPs to enhance light absorption, the BPB-based photodetectors (PDs) achieved remarkable photoresponse in ultraviolet region, marked by a high on/off ratio (~ 5000), superior responsivity (2.24 A W−1), along with large detectivity (~ 1013 Jones) and low detection limit (68.7 nW cm−2). Additionally, the PDs showcased superior light communication and imaging capabilities even under weak-light illumination. Notably, the anisotropic nature of the surface-patterned MPs conferred excellent polarization sensitivity to the PD. These results represented the first demonstration of BPB perovskite in weak-light communication and imaging, as well as in polarized light detection. Our findings offer valuable insights into enhancing photodetector performance and optoelectronic applications through surface light management strategies.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Crystallization Modulation and Holistic Passivation Enables Efficient Two-Terminal Perovskite/CuIn(Ga)Se2 Tandem Solar Cells

Authors: Cong Geng, Kuanxiang Zhang, Changhua Wang, Chung Hsien Wu, Jiwen Jiang, Fei Long, Liyuan Han, Qifeng Han, Yi-Bing Cheng, Yong Peng

Two-terminal (2-T) perovskite (PVK)/CuIn(Ga)Se2 (CIGS) tandem solar cells (TSCs) have been considered as an ideal tandem cell because of their best bandgap matching regarding to Shockley–Queisser (S–Q) limits. However, the nature of the irregular rough morphology of commercial CIGS prevents people from improving tandem device performances. In this paper, D-homoserine lactone hydrochloride is proven to improve coverage of PVK materials on irregular rough CIGS surfaces and also passivate bulk defects by modulating the growth of PVK crystals. In addition, the minority carriers near the PVK/C60 interface and the incompletely passivated trap states caused interface recombination. A surface reconstruction with 2-thiopheneethylammonium iodide and N,N-dimethylformamide assisted passivates the defect sites located at the surface and grain boundaries. Meanwhile, LiF is used to create this field effect, repelling hole carriers away from the PVK and C60 interface and thus reducing recombination. As a result, a 2-T PVK/CIGS tandem yielded a power conversion efficiency of 24.6% (0.16 cm2), one of the highest results for 2-T PVK/CIGS TSCs to our knowledge. This validation underscores the potential of our methodology in achieving superior performance in PVK/CIGS tandem solar cells.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Robust and Fast Monitoring Method of Micro-Milling Tool Wear Using Image Processing

Authors: Yuan Li, Geok Soon Hong, Kunpeng Zhu

In micro milling machining, tool wear directly affects workpiece quality and accuracy, making effective tool wear monitoring a key factor in ensuring product integrity. The use of machine vision-based methods can provide an intuitive and efficient representation of tool wear conditions. However, micro milling tools have non-flat flanks, thin coatings can peel off, and spindle orientation is uncertain during downtime. These factors result in low pixel values, uneven illumination, and arbitrary tool position. To address this, we propose an image-based tool wear monitoring method. It combines multiple algorithms to restore lost pixels due to uneven illumination during segmentation and accurately extract wear areas. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits high robustness to such images, effectively addressing the effects of illumination and spindle orientation. Additionally, the algorithm has low complexity, fast execution time, and significantly reduces the detection time in situ.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Bi-Directional Evolutionary Topology Optimization with Adaptive Evolutionary Ratio for Nonlinear Structures

Authors: Linli Tian, Wenhua Zhang

Current topology optimization methods for nonlinear continuum structures often suffer from low computational efficiency and limited applicability to complex nonlinear problems. To address these issues, this paper proposes an improved bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method tailored for maximizing stiffness in nonlinear structures. The optimization program is developed in Python and can be combined with Abaqus software to facilitate finite element analysis (FEA). To accelerate the speed of optimization, a novel adaptive evolutionary ratio (ER) strategy based on the BESO method is introduced, with four distinct adaptive ER functions proposed. The Newton-Raphson method is utilized for iteratively solving nonlinear equilibrium equations, and the sensitivity information for updating design variables is derived using the adjoint method. Additionally, this study extends topology optimization to account for both material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity, analyzing the effects of various nonlinearities. A series of comparative studies are conducted using benchmark cases to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the BESO method with adaptive ER significantly improves the optimization efficiency. Compared to the BESO method with a fixed ER, the convergence speed of the four adaptive ER BESO methods is increased by 37.3%, 26.7%, 12% and 18.7%, respectively. Given that Abaqus is a powerful FEA platform, this method has the potential to be extended to large-scale engineering structures and to address more complex optimization problems. This research proposes an improved BESO method with novel adaptive ER, which significantly accelerates the optimization process and enables its application to topology optimization of nonlinear structures.

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Journal of Central South University•2025

Friction and corrosion behavior of laser cladding Ti50Nb15V15Zr5Cr5Al10 high-entropy alloy

Authors: QIU Hao, ZHU Jiang-qi, GUO Yi-fan, DONG Zhen, WU Li-hua, YUE You-shu, QIU Yao, YAN Xing-chen

This work investigated tribological behavior and corrosion resistance of laser cladding (LC) Ti50Nb15V15Zr5Cr5Al10 high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates. Microstructural characterization illustrated that there was only body centered cubic phase in the HEA coating. Besides, the coatings of different laser power all exhibited obviously higher hardness than the substrate. It is illustrated that the microstructure of the HEA coatings is composed of body centered cubic phase, and the temperature gradient contributes to the distribution difference between the equiaxed and columnar grains. Meanwhile, the relationships between the tribological behavior, corrosion resistance and alloying elements have been illustrated. The HEA coating with 2200 W holds the best wear and corrosion resistance. During the friction process, there are many oxides formed at high temperatures, and adhesive wear contributes most to the wear mechanism of the coatings. The wear volumes of the HEA coatings are only 24.7% to 45.5% of that of the Ti6Al4V substrate. Due to the alloying elements like Cr and Al, there is dense passive film formed during the corrosion process, thereby leading to better corrosion resistance of the coatings. The corrosion rates of the HEA coatings with 2200 W and Ti6Al4V substrate are 5.34×10−3 mm/a and 2.69×10−2 mm/a, respectively.

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Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025

Sustainable utilization of fluorite flotation tailings resources: A review

Authors: Shenxu Bao, Hailin Zhou, Yimin Zhang, Ye Zhang, Muyang Huang

The rapid development of novel energy materials has led to a sustained surge in the global demand for fluorine. Fluorite is the primary source of fluorine globally and is increasingly being exploited. The estimated annual production of fluorite worldwide is approximately 8 million tons, with an additional 5 million tons of fluorite tailings. This accumulation not only consumes land resources, but also contributes to dust generation and F– percolation, leading to water and air contamination. This paper comprehensively reviews the utilization methods of fluorite tailings, including the flotation recovery of quartz and fluorite, the preparation of cement mineralizing agents, and the preparation of concrete mineral additives, autoclaved lime sand brick, and glass-ceramics. Furthermore, potential future applications and research directions are proposed, including the comprehensive recovery of valuable minerals, auxiliary cementitious materials preparation, and the functionalization of glass-ceramics. This study can serve as a reference for expediting the utilization of fluorite tailings, promoting the development of tailing-free mines, and establishing sustainable development strategies.

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Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025

Effect of aging precipitation on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of Ni(Fe,Al)-maraging steel

Authors: Xiaodong Wu, Tianliang Zhao, Tingping Hou, Zhongyu Cui, Yan Li, Kaiming Wu

The effect of aging precipitation on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism of Ni(Fe,Al)-maraging steel was studied through the comparative characterization and analyses of the microstructures and fracture features of solid–solution and peak-aged steels. Aging precipitation exerts a chain of impacts on the deformative compatibility and electrochemical difference between the matrix and other phases or interfaces. The strength of the martensite matrix is enhanced by abundant and evenly dispersed Ni(Fe,Al) precipitates, thereby reducing the possibility of splitting across martensite laths. Meanwhile, the Volta potential difference (VPD) between the matrix and primary NbC particles increases from 11.43 to 18.60 mV. Given that most of the primary NbC particles tend to be distributed along high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), anodic dissolution along HAGBs accelerates. Therefore, mechanical and electrochemical factors triggered by aging precipitation are involved in the variation in SCC behavior and mechanism. The SCC susceptibility of the steel increases along with the increasing tendency for intergranular cracking.

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Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025

Optimization and mechanism analysis of multi-solid wastes-based geopolymer using response surface methodology

Authors: Muyang Huang, Shenxu Bao, Yimin Zhang, Mengke Li, Chong Deng, Wenhan Chen

The escalating production of industrial solid waste, combined with the dwindling availability of natural resources, has intensified the focus on waste recycling. However, the heterogeneity and complexity of waste pose significant challenges to determining process parameters. In this study, burnt coal cinder (BCC), granite powder (GP), and high-calcium fly ash (Class-C FA) were used as raw materials, and the response surface methodology (RSM) and single-factor experiments were applied to optimize the process parameters for geopolymer preparation. The optimized precursor powder composition was determined to be a mass ratio of 1.6:0.9:7.3 for BCC, GP, and Class-C FA. The NaOH-precursor powder ratio and liquid–solid ratio were adjusted to 0.084 and 0.222, respectively. The curing condition was set at 80°C for 24 h. The resulting 28 d-aged multi-solid wastes-based geopolymer exhibited a high compressive strength of 61.34 MPa. The microstructure, mineral phase, and atomic bonding of geopolymers were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Findings indicate that the compressive strength of geopolymer is most significantly influenced by the Class-C FA, followed by BCC. Furthermore, a minor addition of GP can optimize the structural density of the geopolymer. The Ca present in the Class-C FA participates in the geopolymerization, forming a hybrid N–(C)–A–S–H gel. RSM optimization facilitates the synergistic utilization of multi-solid wastes, ensuring an even distribution of gel and filler. This research establishes a theoretical framework for optimizing the preparation parameters of multi-solid wastes-based geopolymer and its subsequent applications; it holds significant scientific implications for the circular economy, resource transformation, and environmental conservation.

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Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025

Study on the ion behavior of solid-phase reaction synthesis of iron chromite at 1473 K

Authors: Yan Wang, Peiyuan Ni, Yuling Liu, Tengfei Deng

The enrichment of chromium in the magnetic iron chromite (Fe(CrxFe1−x)2O4) phase is crucial for the recovery and recycling of chromium in stainless-steel pickling sludge. The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the solid-phase reaction between Fe3O4 and Cr2O3 were investigated using the diffusion couple method at 1473 K. Not only the diffusion behavior of Fe2+ ions and Cr3+ ions was elucidated, but also the solid solution behavior of Fe3+ ions was discussed clearly. The microscopic morphology of the diffusion couple and the change in the concentrations of Fe and Cr cations across the diffusion layers were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The self-diffusion coefficients of cations were calculated based on the concentration profiles of Fe and Cr, with the results indicating that the self-diffusion coefficient of the Fe ions was consistently higher than that of the Cr ions. Additionally, a mixture of Fe3O4 and Cr2O3 was annealed at 1373–1473 K for 1–5 h, and the kinetic parameters were calculated by studying the phase content of the product. The phase content of Fe(CrxFe1−x)2O4 in the product was determined by Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data, revealing that an activation energy (E) of 177.20 kJ·mol−1 and a pre-exponential factor (B) of 610.78 min−1 of the solid-phase reaction that produced the Fe(CrxFe1−x)2O4 spinel.

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Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025

Kinetics of isothermal reduction of carbon-containing silicomanganese dust

Authors: Ju Xu, Guojun Ma, Jie Xu, Mengke Liu, Xiang Zhang, Dingli Zheng, Junlong Li

Silicomanganese dust contains large amounts of valuables, such as Si and Mn, which can be used as raw materials for the smelting of silicomanganese. However, the direct addition of dust to the submerged arc furnace can influence the permeability of burden due to the fine particle size of dust, which results in incomplete reduction reactions during the smelting process. In this paper, silicomanganese dust, graphite powder, and other additives were pressed to form carbon-containing dust briquettes, and the self-reduction process of the dust briquettes was investigated through the isothermal thermogravimetric method with different carbon–oxygen (C/O) molar ratios, contents of fluxing agents, and reduction temperatures. Various reduction kinetic models for dust briquettes at different temperatures were established. The results show that the reaction fraction of the dust briquettes was about 90% at a C/O molar ratio of 1.2 with optimal reduction efficiency. The addition of CaF2 contributed to the decrease in the melting point and viscosity of dust briquettes, which increased their reduction rate. As the reduction temperature increased, the reduction rate of dust briquettes increased. The reduction reaction rate of dust briquettes was controlled through gas-phase diffusion. Meanwhile, their reduction process was analyzed kinetically, with the reaction time of 5 min as the dividing line. The apparent activation energies for the two diffusion stages were 56.10 and 100.52 kJ/mol, respectively. The kinetic equations are expressed as [1 − (1 − ƒ)1/3]2 = 0.69e−56100/(RT)t and [1 − (1 − ƒ)1/3]2 = 2.06e−100520/(RT)t.

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Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025

Role of iron ore in enhancing gasification of iron coke: Structural evolution, influence mechanism and kinetic analysis

Authors: Jie Wang, Wei Wang, Xuheng Chen, Junfang Bao, Qiuyue Hao, Heng Zheng, Runsheng Xu

The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking. To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification, the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated. Furthermore, a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method. The findings indicate that compared to coke, iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area, and the micropores further extend and interconnect. This provides more adsorption sites for CO2 molecules during the gasification process, resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke. Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke. The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix, reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure, which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms. The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure. Moreover, as the proportion of iron ore increases, the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases, from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.

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Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2024

Minimizing tin (Ⅱ) oxidation using ethylhydrazine oxalate for high-performance all-perovskite tandem solar cells

Authors: Jianhua Zhang, Xufeng Liao, Weisheng Li, Yutian Tian, Qinyang Huang, Yitong Ji, Guotang Hu, Qingguo Du, Wenchao Huang, Donghoe Kim, Yi-Bing Cheng, Jinhui Tong

All-perovskite tandem solar cells (ATSCs) have the potential to surpass the Shockley−Queisser efficiency limit of conventional single-junction devices. However, the performance and stability of mixed tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are crucial components of ATSCs, are much lower than those of lead-based perovskites. The primary challenges include the high crystallization rate of perovskite materials and the susceptibility of Sn2+ oxidation, which leads to rough morphology and unfavorable p-type self-doping. To address these issues, we introduced ethylhydrazine oxalate (EDO) at the perovskite interface, which effectively inhibits the oxidation of Sn2+ and simultaneously enhances the crystallinity of the perovskite. Consequently, the EDO-modified mixed tin−lead PSCs reached a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.96% with high reproducibility. We further achieved a 27.58% efficient ATSCs by using EDO as interfacial passivator in the Sn−Pb PSCs.

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