Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• Numerical simulations using finite volume method accurately capture bottom pressure fields for regular waves, calm-water vehicles, and vehicles in waves, validated against experimental data. • Turbulent flow models, accounting for viscosity and boundary layer effects, yield more accurate predictions of the stern region's bottom pressure for submerged vehicles compared to inviscid models. • The sphere's bottom pressure field in waves is not a linear superposition of wave and sphere fields due to diffraction, whereas a slender submerged vehicle exhibits weaker diffraction, allowing linear superposition approximation. • Incorporating momentum source terms in the numerical wave tank reduces wave reflection and improves simulation fidelity.
Abstract
The finite volume method was applied to numerically simulate the bottom pressure field induced by regular waves, vehicles in calm water and vehicles in regular waves. The solution of Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations in the vicinity of numerical wave tank's boundary was forced towards the wave theoretical solution by incorporating momentum source terms, thereby reducing adverse effects such as wave reflection. Simulations utilizing laminar flow, turbulent flow, and ideal fluid models were all found capable of effectively capturing the waveform and bottom pressure of regular waves, agreeing well with experimental data. In predicting the bottom pressure field of the submerged vehicle, turbulent simulations considering fluid viscosity and boundary layer development provided more accurate predictions for the stern region than inviscid simulations. Due to sphere's diffractive effect, the sphere's bottom pressure field in waves is not a linear superposition of the wave's and the sphere's bottom pressure field. However, a slender submerged vehicle exhibits a weaker diffractive effect on waves, thus the submerged vehicle's bottom pressure field in waves can be approximated as a linear superposition of the wave's and the submerged vehicle's bottom pressure field, which simplifies computation and analysis.
1. Introduction
The expansion of marine resource utilization necessitates enhanced monitoring of the underwater environment. With the escalation of submarine acoustic stealth capabilities, it is imperative to explore detection methods for non-acoustic physical fields, including light, electricity, magnetic fields, infrared radiation, thermal wakes, seismic waves, hydrodynamic pressure and gravity fields, to bolster the detection of underwater targets. The 'hydrodynamic pressure field of a submerged vehicle' signifies the alteration in hydrodynamic pressure resulting from its movement, distinct from the conventional acoustic pressure field. Compared to acoustics and magnetic signals, the hydrodynamic pressure field's signal exhibits unique traits that resist elimination and is challenging to artificial emulation. Submerged vehicles exert a pronounced influence on the bottom pressure field compared to surface vessels. Employing pressure sensors along the seafloor to surveil the activities of submerged vehicles presents unique benefits. For example, the Swiss STL surveillance system has the capacity to detect underwater pressure signals [1]. Therefore, probing into the characteristics of the hydrodynamic pressure field of submerged vehicles, particularly the distribution of bottom pressure, is crucial for augmenting underwater detection capabilities.
Research on the characteristics of ship hydrodynamic pressure fields has been widely integrated into the design of mine warfare weapons. Bottom mines predominantly utilize pressure, acoustic, magnetic, and combined sensors as fuses, including the American MK55-6, the Italian MRP, the Japanese K1-K4 series, and the Taiwanese Wanxiang, among others. Jin [2] utilized the Hess-Smith approach to forecast changes in bottom pressure due to submerged vehicles, with the predicted results correlating well with experimental data. Deng [3-4] conducted an investigation into the dispersion, non-linearity, and time-variant effects of ship hydrodynamic pressure fields at different speeds in shallow water channels. High sea states can substantially impact the hydrodynamic pressure field [5]. However, prior studies have not contemplated the effects of incoming waves on ship hydrodynamic pressure fields. Lyu [6] analyzed the attenuation of regular wave hydrodynamic pressure fields with water depth using OpenFOAM software, identifying the influence range of wave-induced hydrodynamic pressure fields. Jiang [7] superimposed the hydrodynamic pressure field signals of target ship and waves to approximate the bottom pressure field in combined conditions.
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YI Wen-bin, ZHANG Zhi-hong, DENG Hui, MENG Qing-chang, XIA Wei-xue, WANG Chong, LI Pei-hao (2025). Bottom Pressure Field Induced by Submerged Vehicle in Regular Waves. SinoTechIntel Verified Research. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.002
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main objective of the study?
The study aims to numerically simulate and analyze the bottom pressure field induced by a submerged vehicle in regular waves, comparing different flow models and investigating the linear superposition approximation for slender vehicles.
Which numerical method is used in the simulations?
The finite volume method is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in a numerical wave tank, with momentum source terms to reduce wave reflection.
How do turbulent and inviscid simulations differ in predicting bottom pressure?
Turbulent simulations, which account for fluid viscosity and boundary layer development, provide more accurate predictions for the stern region of the submerged vehicle compared to inviscid simulations.
Can the bottom pressure field in waves be linearly superposed?
For a slender submerged vehicle, the bottom pressure field in waves can be approximated as a linear superposition of the wave's and the vehicle's bottom pressure fields due to weak diffraction. However, for a sphere, diffraction effects make linear superposition invalid.
What are the practical applications of this research?
The findings can enhance underwater detection capabilities by improving the understanding of hydrodynamic pressure fields, which are used in seafloor sensor systems and mine warfare.
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