Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.12.009
Surface functional groups dictate the corrosion inhibition efficiency of nanomaterials, yet isolating their single-variable effect has remained intractable because particle size and carbon core structure typically co-vary during synthesis. This study employs a post-modification strategy to prepare three carbon dot (CD) variants with nearly identical particle size and graphitization degree but distinctly different surface terminations: carboxyl-rich (OCDs), thiol-rich (SCDs), and amino-rich (NCDs). Transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirm that the carbon cores are structurally equivalent, while surface chemistry differs markedly. Weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization consistently rank inhibition efficiency (IE) in 1 mol/L HCl at 100 mg/L as NCDs (91.2%) > SCDs (86.6%) > OCDs (79.0%). The mechanism involves dual protection: adsorption film formation and induced oxide film densification. NCDs adopt a parallel adsorption configuration with the strongest binding energy, yielding the densest protective film and promoting a compact oxide layer. SCDs also adsorb in parallel but with weaker film-forming capability. OCDs cannot achieve parallel adsorption, exhibit the lowest binding energy, and produce the least dense films. These findings establish a direct structure–property relationship for surface group engineering of nanomaterial corrosion inhibitors, providing a validated experimental framework for designing high-efficiency inhibitors. The study is limited to 25 °C; future work will address temperature effects (40, 60, 80 °C), long-term dissolution–adsorption equilibria, and in situ characterization of Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios in the oxide film.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020017
Ferroelectric domain walls (DWs) constitute mobile, reconfigurable interfaces that underpin the paradigm of domain-wall nanoelectronics, yet their intrinsic two-dimensionality in perovskite ferroelectrics imposes a persistent scaling bottleneck. Charged domain walls (CDWs), essential for conductive channels, suffer from structural broadening driven by diffuse space-charge screening, with widths typically expanding to several nanometers (e.g., ~7 nm in PZT), thereby limiting integration density. This work reports the experimental realization of one-dimensional (1D) CDWs in fluorite-structured ferroelectric ZrO2, achieved via multislice electron ptychography at sub-angstrom resolution. The unique subcell architecture—stacked 2D polar layers separated by nonpolar spacers—confines topological defects to a 1D geometry, enabling atomic-scale confinement of head-to-head and tail-to-tail CDWs. Macroscopic verification using Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 heterostructures and AC impedance spectroscopy demonstrates room-temperature oxygen ion conductivity exceeding 10^-6 S/cm, surpassing conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid electrolytes. This ionic conductivity, coupled with suppressed lattice damage during cycling due to dimensional confinement, positions 1D CDWs as promising candidates for multilevel memory, memristive devices, and neuromorphic computing architectures requiring coupled ionic-electronic transport.
China Foundry•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5206-2
A novel cast stainless steel featuring a multiphase microstructure and a nominal composition of Fe-13.5Cr-2.6Si-6.9Ni-1.1Cu-1.1Mn-1.0Mo-0.35Al-0.025C (wt.%) was investigated. Following solution treatment at 1,050 °C and water quenching, the specimens were subjected to further tempering at 570 °C, 610 °C, and 650 °C to explore the effects of critical tempering on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Various characterization techniques were employed to examine the phase distribution within the microstructure, with particular attention given to the content and morphology of reverted austenite. Tensile and corrosion tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the specimens. The results reveal that critical tempering significantly enhances the mechanical properties, with the specimen tempered at 610 °C achieving the highest product of strength and elongation (PSE=23.6 GPa·%), whereas corrosion resistance deteriorates with increasing tempering temperature. Calculations of the martensite start temperature (Ms) and stacking fault energy (γSFE) for the reversed austenite in different specimens indicate that the stability of reversed austenite strongly influences mechanical behavior through the TRIP and TWIP effects. However, tempering-induced Cr segregation at ferrite/martensite interfaces and the formation of Cr-depleted zones become more pronounced at higher tempering temperatures, leading to a degradation in corrosion resistance. Furthermore, multiphase coordinated deformation improves the strength-ductility balance, while corrosion tends to initiate at chemically inhomogeneous phase boundaries.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6207-4
Microwave fracturing offers significant potential for efficient hard rock fragmentation. This study investigates real-time heating and fracture characteristics of ten granitoid minerals under 2 kW microwave irradiation for 3 min. Chlorite, amphibole, and altered plagioclase were identified as highly microwave-sensitive, exhibiting high mass and P-wave velocity decay, rapid heating rates (>2.5 ℃/s) and violent rupture. Mineral surface temperature non-uniformity, quantified by the coefficient of variation (VT), evolved through distinct increasing, decreasing, and stabilizing phases, reflecting shifts in dominance between heat accumulation and transfer. Temperature gradients revealed the spatial relationship between hotspots and rupture points, with shallow melting influencing surface temperature distribution. Undamaged minerals exhibited significant temperature gradient spatiotemporal variability but ultimately stabilizing. These results enable prediction of microwave heating behavior in hard rocks containing analogous minerals and enhance our understanding of microwave-induced weakening mechanisms.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01780-7
Due to their high mechanical compliance and excellent biocompatibility, conductive hydrogels exhibit significant potential for applications in flexible electronics. However, as the demand for high sensitivity, superior mechanical properties, and strong adhesion performance continues to grow, many conventional fabrication methods remain complex and costly. Herein, we propose a simple and efficient strategy to construct an entangled network hydrogel through a liquid–metal-induced cross-linking reaction, hydrogel demonstrates outstanding properties, including exceptional stretchability (1643%), high tensile strength (366.54 kPa), toughness (350.2 kJ m−3), and relatively low mechanical hysteresis. The hydrogel exhibits long-term stable reusable adhesion (104 kPa), enabling conformal and stable adhesion to human skin. This capability allows it to effectively capture high-quality epidermal electrophysiological signals with high signal-to-noise ratio (25.2 dB) and low impedance (310 ohms). Furthermore, by integrating advanced machine learning algorithms, achieving an attention classification accuracy of 91.38%, which will significantly impact fields like education, healthcare, and artificial intelligence.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01753-w
Joint health is critical for musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions that are affecting approximately one-third of the global population. Monitoring of joint torque can offer an important pathway for the evaluation of joint health and guided intervention. However, there is no technology that can provide the precision, effectiveness, low-resource setting, and long-term wearability to simultaneously achieve both rapid and accurate joint torque measurement to enable risk assessment of joint injury and long-term monitoring of joint rehabilitation in wider environments. Herein, we propose a piezoelectric boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)-based, AI-enabled wearable device for regular monitoring of joint torque. We first adopted an iterative inverse design to fabricate the wearable materials with a Poisson’s ratio precisely matched to knee biomechanics. A highly sensitive piezoelectric film was constructed based on BNNTs and polydimethylsiloxane and applied to precisely capture the knee motion, while concurrently realizing self-sufficient energy harvesting. With the help of a lightweight on-device artificial neural network, the proposed wearable device was capable of accurately extracting targeted signals from the complex piezoelectric outputs and then effectively mapping these signals to their corresponding physical characteristics, including torque, angle, and loading. A real-time platform was constructed to demonstrate the capability of fine real-time torque estimation. This work offers a relatively low-cost wearable solution for effective, regular joint torque monitoring that can be made accessible to diverse populations in countries and regions with heterogeneous development levels, potentially producing wide-reaching global implications for joint health, MSK conditions, ageing, rehabilitation, personal health, and beyond.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-06)
The advent of the 5G era has stimulated the rapid development of high power electronics with dense integration. Three-dimensional (3D) thermally conductive networks, possessing high thermal and electrical conductivities and many different structures, are regarded as key materials to improve the performance of electronic devices. We provide a critical overview of carbon-based 3D thermally conductive networks, emphasizing their preparation-structure-property relationships and their applications in different scenarios. A detailed discussion of the microscopic principles of thermal conductivity is provided, which is crucial for increasing it. This is followed by an in-depth account of the construction of 3D networks using different carbon materials, such as graphene, carbon foam, and carbon nanotubes. Techniques for the assembly of two-dimensional graphene into 3D networks and their effects on thermal conductivity are emphasized. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects for 3D carbon-based thermally conductive networks are discussed.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010030
This paper describes a 2D/3D vision chip with integrated sensing and processing capabilities. The 2D/3D vision chip architecture includes a 2D/3D image sensor and a programmable visual processor. In this architecture, we design a novel on-chip processing flow with die-to-die image transmission and low-latency fixed-point image processing. The vision chip achieves real-time end-to-end processing of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and conventional image processing algorithms. Furthermore, an end-to-end 2D/3D vision system is built to exhibit the capacity of the vision chip. The vision system achieves real-timing applications under 2D and 3D scenes, such as human face detection (processing delay 10.2 ms) and depth map reconstruction (processing delay 4.1 ms). The frame rate of image acquisition, image process, and result display is larger than 30 fps.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.006
Understanding the anchorage performance of en-echelon joints under cyclic shear loading is crucial for optimizing support strategies in jointed rock masses. This study examines the anchorage effects on en-echelon joints with various orientations using laboratory cyclic shear tests. By comparing unbolted and bolted en-echelon joints, we analyze shear zone damage, shear properties, dilatancy, energy absorption, and acoustic emission characteristics to evaluate anchoring effects across shear cycles and joint orientations. Results reveal that bolted en-echelon joints experience more severe shear zone damage after cycles, with bolt deformation correlating to shear zone width. Bolted en-echelon joints exhibit faster shear strength deterioration and higher cumulative strength loss compared to unbolted ones, with losses ranging from 20.04% to 72.76%. The compressibility of en-echelon joints reduces the anchoring effect during shear cycles, leading to lower shear strength of bolted en-echelon joints in later stages of shear cycles compared to unbolted ones. Bolts reinforce en-echelon joints more effectively at non-positive angles, with the best performance observed at 0° and –60°. Anchorage accelerates the transition from rolling friction to sliding friction in the shear zone, enhancing energy absorption, which is crucial for rock projects under dynamic shear loading. Additionally, rock bolts expedite the transition of the cumulative AE hits and cumulative AE energy curves from rapid to steady growth, indicating that strong bolt-rock interactions accelerate crack initiation, propagation, and energy release.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4130-1
To develop high-hardness and high-strength lightweight high entropy alloys (LHEAs), a series of CoxAlNbTiVCr alloys were designed. The phase constitution, distribution, and crystal structure of the Laves phase in alloys can be altered by adjusting the composition of HEAs, which in turn influences their mechanical properties. CoxAlNbTiVCr (x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2, atomic ratio percentage) LHEAs were designed and prepared to characterize the microstructure and tailor the mechanical properties. The introduction of Co changes the microstructure of LHEAs from a single B2 structure to a mixture dendrite structure, which consists of B2 phase, C14 and C15 Laves phase. Wherein the C14 and C15 Laves phases exhibit coupled growth. Several parameters including mixing enthalpy (ΔHmix), valence electron concentration (VEC), atomic radius size (δ), mixing entropy (ΔS), and electronegativity difference (Δχ) are used to predict the formation of B2 and Laves phase in LHEAs. When the Co content increases from 0 to 1.5at.%, Laves phase volume fraction gradually increases, which leads to an enhancement in the compressive strength from 1,520.8 MPa to 1,844.4 MPa. Co1.5AlNbTiVCr alloy exhibits the maximum Vickers hardness of 699.4 HV. The improvement of mechanical properties mainly originates from solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01289-5
Traditionally, passenger comfort in vehicles is perceived as being most influenced by acceleration and jerk. Consequently, the current research primarily focuses on developing control algorithms to limit the maximum acceleration and jerk of the vehicle in order to improve passenger comfort. However, naturalistic driving studies demonstrate that such simple characteristics are insufficient for accurately evaluating passenger comfort. This study identifies motion complexity as a key factor of passenger comfort. A series of naturalistic driving studies are conducted, during which passenger comfort is assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Moreover, a real-time passenger comfort measurement based on electromyography (EMG) and stepwise regression is proposed to facilitate seamless data collection. Time-series features representing motion complexity are then introduced to better describe passenger comfort. Hierarchical regression confirms that simple characteristics of motion are insufficient to explain passenger comfort, and shows that the proposed motion complexity features have a substantial effect on passenger comfort. Finally, a machine learning-based real-time passenger comfort estimation method is developed according to the foregoing findings. Experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate passenger comfort in real-time using only vehicle motion information. The findings of this study suggest that vehicle motion complexity should be considered in future passenger comfort studies.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3012-7
With the wide application of electromagnetic wave, a high performance electromagnetic shielding material is urgently needed to solve the harm caused by electromagnetic wave. Complete cross-linking strategy is adopted in this paper. Polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized by in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) monomer. The obtained PAM was blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prepare PAM/PEG hydrogels and form rigid support structures. Subsequently, the modified carbon nanotubes (S-CNTs) were incorporated into sodium alginate (SA) and PAM/PEG. Finally, Na+ was used to trigger SA self-assembly, which significantly improved the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the hydrogels, and prepared PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels with high toughness and strong electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE). The results showed that the compressive strength of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogel was 19.05 MPa, which was 7.69% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogel (17.69 MPa). More encouraging, the average EMI SE of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels at a thickness of only 3 mm and a CNTs content of 16.53wt% was 32.92 dB, which is 113.21% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogels (15.44 dB).
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01569-0
Plant cell wall (CW)-like soft materials, referred to as artificial CWs, are composites of assembled polymers containing micro-/nanoparticles or fibers/fibrils that are designed to mimic the composition, structure, and mechanics of plant CWs. CW-like materials have recently emerged to test hypotheses pertaining to the intricate structure–property relationships of native plant CWs or to fabricate functional materials. Here, research on plant CWs and CW-like materials is reviewed by distilling key studies on biomimetic composites primarily composed of plant polysaccharides, including cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose, as well as organic polymers like lignin. Micro- and nanofabrication of plant CW-like composites, characterization techniques, and in silico studies are reviewed, with a brief overview of current and potential applications. Micro-/nanofabrication approaches include bacterial growth and impregnation, layer-by-layer assembly, film casting, 3-dimensional templating microcapsules, and particle coating. Various characterization techniques are necessary for the comprehensive mechanical, chemical, morphological, and structural analyses of plant CWs and CW-like materials. CW-like materials demonstrate versatility in real-life applications, including biomass conversion, pulp and paper, food science, construction, catalysis, and reaction engineering. This review seeks to facilitate the rational design and thorough characterization of plant CW-mimetic materials, with the goal of advancing the development of innovative soft materials and elucidating the complex structure–property relationships inherent in native CWs.
Nano-Micro Letters•2024•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01602-2
Ammonium level in body fluids serves as one of the critical biomarkers for healthcare, especially those relative to liver diseases. The continuous and real-time monitoring in both invasive and non-invasive manners is highly desired, while the ammonium concentrations vary largely in different body fluids. Besides, the sensing reliability based on ion-selective biosensors can be significantly interfered by potassium ions. To tackle these challenges, a flexible and biocompatible sensing patch for wireless ammonium level sensing was reported with an ultrawide linear range for universal body fluids including blood, tears, saliva, sweat and urine. The as-prepared biocompatible sensors deliver a reliable sensitivity of 58.7 mV decade−1 in the range of 1–100 mM and a desirable selectivity coefficient of 0.11 in the interference of potassium ions, attributed to the cross-calibration within the sensors array. The sensor’s biocompatibility was validated by the cell growth on the sensor surface (>80%), hemolysis rates (<5%), negligible cellular inflammatory responses and weight changes of the mice with implanted sensors. Such biocompatible sensors with ultrawide linear range and desirable selectivity open up new possibility of highly compatible biomarker analysis via different body fluids in versatile approaches.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2024•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.010
The deformation energy (Wd) of soil-like tectonic coal is crucial for investigating the mechanism of coal and gas outbursts. Tectonic coal has a significant nonlinear constitutive relationship, which makes traditional elastic-based models for computing Wd unsuitable. Inspired by critical state soil mechanics, this study theoretically established a new calculation model of Wd suitable for the coal with nonlinear deformation characteristics. In the new model, the relationship between energy and stress no longer follows the square law (observed in traditional linear elastic models) but exhibits a power function, with the theoretical value of the power exponent ranging between 1 and 2. Hydrostatic cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on four groups of tectonic coal samples and one group of intact coal samples. The results indicated that the relationship between Wd and stress for both intact and tectonic coal follows a power law. The exponents for intact and tectonic coal are close to 2 and 1, respectively. The stress-strain curve of intact coal exhibits small deformation and linear characteristics, whereas the stress-strain curves of tectonic coal show large deformation and nonlinear characteristics. The study specifically investigates the role of coal viscosity in the cyclic loading/unloading process. The downward bending in the unloading curves can be attributed to the time-dependent characteristics of coal, particularly its viscoelastic behavior. Based on experimental statistics, the calculation model of Wd was further simplified. The simplified model involves only one unknown parameter, which is the power exponent between Wd and stress. The measured Wd of the coal samples increases with the number of load cycles. This phenomenon is attributed to coal’s viscoelastic deformation. Within the same stress, the Wd of tectonic coal is an order of magnitude greater than that of intact coal. The calculation model of Wd proposed in this paper provides a new tool for studying the energy principle of coal and gas outbursts.