Opto-Electronic Advances (光电进展)•2026•DOI: 10.29026/oea.2026.250274
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has emerged as a promising platform for integrated photonics due to its strong electro-optic and nonlinear properties. However, on-chip tunable lasers essential for optical communications, sensing, metrology, and quantum technology remain constrained by limited tuning range or precision, often requiring complex control strategies. This work demonstrates a hybrid integrated electro-optically tunable narrow-linewidth III-V laser on TFLN, achieving a tuning range of ~51.8 nm, an intrinsic linewidth of ~1.21 MHz, and a tuning precision of ~0.03 nm. The external cavity uniquely combines highly reflective Sagnac mirrors and a series of unbalanced interferometers, providing a spectral response that favors single-longitudinal-mode narrow-linewidth lasing. Experimental results show a maximum on-chip power of 102.7 μW at 1551.69 nm, a side-mode suppression ratio of 39.65 dB, and continuous tuning range of ~3.5 pm. The laser operates mode-hop-free over long periods, with a DC voltage tuning range of −30 V to +30 V. The external cavity, built exclusively on single-mode-waveguide-based photonic structures, ensures fundamental-mode propagation, enhancing stability and relaxing fabrication tolerances. The reformulated theory of semiconductor lasers provides design insights for hybrid integrated lasers and on-chip self-injection locked lasers. This work advances the development of high-precision, wide-range tunable lasers for next-generation photonic systems.
Opto-Electronic Advances (光电进展)•2026•DOI: 10.29026/oea.2026.250150
This study presents the first demonstration of a fast step heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (SH-LITES) sensor utilizing a high-frequency quartz tuning fork (QTF) with a resonant frequency of approximately 100 kHz. The theoretical basis of heterodyne LITES (H-LITES) signal generation is analyzed, and an acetylene (C2H2) H-LITES sensor is constructed to evaluate performance. Comparative experiments between the high-frequency QTF and a standard commercial QTF (resonant frequency ~32.768 kHz) reveal that the high-frequency QTF achieves a tenfold faster response time, with a measurement cycle of 33 ms—90% shorter than commercial counterparts. The proposed SH-LITES technique further reduces the scanning time to 15 ms, representing the shortest LITES measurement time reported to date. To validate dynamic gas detection capabilities, an H2O-LITES system integrating both QTF types is employed for real-time monitoring of H2O concentration during various respiration patterns. Results demonstrate that SH-LITES more accurately captures rapid H2O concentration fluctuations during respiration, outperforming the commercial QTF-based H-LITES sensor in fast-response scenarios. These findings establish a new benchmark for high-speed trace gas sensing with potential applications in combustion diagnostics, healthcare monitoring, and environmental surveillance.
Nano Research•2026•DOI: 10.26599/NR.2026.94908775
Flexible sensors have advanced rapidly to achieve skin-like multisensory capabilities, yet their performance is compromised by strain disturbances and multi-parameter interactions, impeding widespread deployment. Here, we report a flexible fibrous device with a patterned cellular structure enabling anti-strain interference, dual-parameter measurement, and static/dynamic detection. The patterned cellular fibrous structure achieves a heterogenous strain distribution that preserves sensing performance under 10% strain. The sensor integrates a piezoresistive component for low-frequency mechanical stimuli and a thermoelectric response to calibrate temperature-induced resistance changes. A hybrid piezoresistive/piezoelectric sensing platform was experimentally implemented for static pressure persistence and high-frequency acoustic excitation from 0 to 300 Hz. The hybrid tactile sensing achieved the highest material identification accuracy of 98.6%. This work provides valuable proposals to resolve practical constraints in flexible sensor applications, compelling advantages for broader wearable integration.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01784-3
Nickel-based cathodes in aqueous nickel-zinc batteries typically suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and limited energy density. In situ introduction of metal phosphides and rational construction of heterostructures can effectively promote electron/ion transport. However, the complex evolution of phosphidation and intractable phosphidizing degree greatly affect the composition of active phase, active sites, charge transfer rate, and ion adsorption strength of cathodes. Herein, the critical bimetallic phosphide layer (CBPL) is constructed on the NiCo-layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) skeleton by a controllable anion-exchange strategy, yielding a novel nanohybrid cathode (NiCo-P1.0, 1.0 representing the mass ratio of Na2H2PO2 to NiCo-LDH). The high-conductivity CBPL with the inner NiCo-LDH forms extensive heterostructures, effectively regulating the electronic structure via charge transfer, thereby improving electrical conductivity. Remarkably, the CBPL exhibits unexpected electrochemical activity and synergizes with NiCo-LDH for electrode reactions, ultimately delivering extra energy. Benefiting from the bifunctional CBPL, NiCo-P1.0 delivers an optimal capacity of 286.64 mAh g−1 at 1C (1C = 289 mAh g−1) and superb rate performance (a capacity retention of 72.22% at 40C). The assembled NiCo-P1.0//Zn battery achieves ultrahigh energy/power density (503.62 Wh kg−1/18.62 kW kg−1, based on the mass loading of active material on the cathode), and the flexible quasi-solid-state pouch cell validates its practicality. This work demonstrates the superiority of bifunctional CBPL for surface modification, providing an effective and scalable compositing strategy in achieving high-performance cathodes for aqueous batteries.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01778-1
Technological advancements have profoundly transformed the sports domain, ushering it into the digital era. Services leveraging big data in intelligent sports—encompassing performance analytics, training statistical evaluations and metrics—have become indispensable. These tools are vital in aiding athletes with their daily training regimens and in devising sophisticated competition strategies, proving crucial in the pursuit of victory. Despite their potential, wearable electronic devices used for motion monitoring are subject to several limitations, including prohibitive cost, extensive energy usage, incompatibility with individual spatial structures, and flawed data analysis methodologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have become instrumental in the development of self-powered devices/systems owing to their remarkable capacity to harnessing ambient high-entropy energy from the environment. This paper provides a thorough review of the advancements and emerging trends in TENG-based intelligent sports, focusing on physiological data monitoring, sports training performance, event refereeing assistance, and sports injury prevention and rehabilitation. Excluding the potential influence of sports psychological factors, this review provides a detailed discourse on present challenges and prospects for boosting smart sports with energy autonomy and digital intelligence. This study presents innovative insights and motivations for propelling the evolution of intelligent sports toward a more sustainable and efficient future for humanity.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01701-8
Silicon stands as a key anode material in lithium-ion battery ascribing to its high energy density. Nevertheless, the poor rate performance and limited cycling life remain unresolved through conventional approaches that involve carbon composites or nanostructures, primarily due to the un-controllable effects arising from the substantial formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during the cycling. Here, an ultra-thin and homogeneous Ti doping alumina oxide catalytic interface is meticulously applied on the porous Si through a synergistic etching and hydrolysis process. This defect-rich oxide interface promotes a selective adsorption of fluoroethylene carbonate, leading to a catalytic reaction that can be aptly described as “molecular concentration-in situ conversion”. The resultant inorganic-rich SEI layer is electrochemical stable and favors ion-transport, particularly at high-rate cycling and high temperature. The robustly shielded porous Si, with a large surface area, achieves a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 84.7% and delivers exceptional high-rate performance at 25 A g−1 (692 mAh g−1) and a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 1000 cycles. The robust SEI constructed through a precious catalytic layer promises significant advantages for the fast development of silicon-based anode in fast-charging batteries.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01684-6
While unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) are promising for renewable energy storage, their efficient operation requires simultaneous water management and gas transport, which is challenging from the standpoint of water management. Herein, a novel approach is introduced for examining the alignment hydrophilic pattern of a Ti porous transport layer (PTL) with the flow field of a bipolar plate (BP). UV/ozone patterning and is employed to impart amphiphilic characteristics to the hydrophobic silanized Ti PTL, enabling low-cost and scalable fabrication. The hydrophilic pattern and its alignment with the BP are comprehensively analyzed using electrochemical methods and computational simulations. Notably, the serpentine-patterned (SP) Ti PTL, wherein the hydrophilic channel is directly aligned with the serpentine flow field of the BP, effectively enhances oxygen removal in the water electrolyzer (WE) mode and mitigates water flooding in the fuel cell (FC) mode, ensuring uninterrupted water and gas flow. Further, URFCs with SP configuration exhibit remarkable performance in the WE and FC modes, achieving a significantly improved round-trip efficiency of 25.7% at 2 A cm−2.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040033
As artificial intelligence (AI) workloads escalate exponentially, ultra-thin, high-efficiency voltage regulator modules (VRMs) with exceptional power density become essential for backside-mounted configurations. High-density multiphase DC−DC converters are pivotal for implementing vertical power delivery (VPD) architectures in XPU platforms. Strategically positioning these converters beneath processors and maximizing spatial utilization enables core rail currents exceeding 2 kA while significantly reducing power distribution network (PDN) losses compared to conventional solutions. The VPD configuration elevates system-level energy efficiency with >100 W power saving per processor, yielding megawatt-scale savings in a datacenter that uses ~100 000 processors. The synergy of 48 V power conversion architectures and advanced packaging techniques enables the industry’s commitment to balancing computational demands with CO2 emission reduction and environmental sustainability. This paper discusses system architecture, layout geometry, and control strategies for multi-chip multi-phase DC−DC converters, comparing ring, chain, and net topologies, as well as independent and master-slave control schemes.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.001
It is of great significance to study the failure mode of mining roadways for safe coal mining. The unconventional asymmetric failure (UAF) phenomenon was discovered in the 9106 ventilation roadway of Wangzhuang coal mine in Shanxi Province. The main manifestation is that the deformation of the roadway on the coal side is much greater than that on the coal pillar side. A comprehensive study was conducted on on-site detection, theoretical analysis, laboratory tests and numerical simulation of the UAF phenomenon. On-site detection shows that the deformation of the coal sidewall can reach 50–80 cm, and the failure zone depth can reach 3 m. The deformation and fracture depth on the coal pillar side are much smaller than those on the coal side. A calculation model for the principal stress of surrounding rock when the axial direction of the roadway is inconsistent with the in-situ stress field was established. The distribution of the failure zone on both sides of the roadway has been defined by the combined mining induced stress. The true triaxial test studied the mechanical mechanism of rock mass fracture and crack propagation on both sides of the roadway. The research results indicate that the axial direction, stress field distribution, and mining induced stress field distribution of the roadway jointly affect the asymmetric failure mode of the roadway. The angle between the axis direction of the roadway and the maximum horizontal stress field leads to uneven distribution of the principal stress field on both sides. The differential distribution of mining induced stress exacerbates the asymmetric distribution of principal stress in the surrounding rock. The uneven stress distribution on both sides of the roadway is the main cause of UAF formation. The research results can provide mechanical explanations and theoretical support for the control of surrounding rock in roadways with similar failure characteristics.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4184-0
Ceramic cores are key to forming a cooling structure within the hollow blade cavities. The use of stereolithography (SL) 3D printing technology eliminates the need for moulds, facilitating the preparation of complex-shaped ceramic cores. In this study, silica-based ceramic cores incorporating nano-3YSZ (3mol.% yttria stabilised zirconia) and micron-sized Y2O3 were prepared via SL 3D printing ceramic technology to promote the formation of cristobalite and ZrSiO4, thereby improving the high-temperature properties. The flexural strength at 25 °C and 1,500 °C, deflection at 1,500 °C, shrinkage rate, and porosity of the core samples sintered at different temperatures (1,170 °C, 1,185 °C, 1,200 °C, 1,215 °C, and 1,230 °C) were tested and investigated. The mechanism underlying the high temperature performance of the cores was elucidated through analysis of cross-sectional morphology, element distribution, and phase constitution of the samples. As the sintering temperature increases, the shrinkage and flexural strength at 25 °C of the core rise, while the open porosity and deflection at 1,500 °C decrease. When the sintering temperature reaches 1,200 °C or higher, the 1,500 °C flexural strength can be measured, which increases as the sintering temperature rises. The core exhibits excellent creep resistance when sintered at temperatures of 1,200 °C and above. Considering the comprehensive performance requirements for the core, the sintering temperature of 1,200 °C was selected. At the sintering temperature of 1,200 °C, the core exhibits shrinkage rates of 3.76% (X), 3.38% (Y), and 3.95% (Z), alongside a flexural strength of 9.01 MPa at 25 °C and 32.15 MPa at 1,500 °C, and an open porosity of 26.39%. The deflection of the core at 1,500 °C is 0.15 mm, which helps to maintain the dimensional stability of the ceramic core during casting. XRD results indicate that samples fractured after 25 °C flexural strength test still contain amorphous quartz glass, alongside substantial quantities of yttria stabilized zirconia and Y2O3. Samples fractured after 1,500 °C flexural strength test exhibit significant crystallisation of amorphous quartz glass into cristobalite, with silica and 3YSZ combining to form ZrSiO4. Y2O3 as a network modifier of the glass network destroys the bridging oxygen in the silica-oxygen bond, thereby reducing the energy required for glass crystallisation and promoting the crystallisation reaction of quartz glass to form cristobalite. In addition, nano-3YSZ combines with SiO2 at high temperatures to form ZrSiO4. Since cristobalite and ZrSiO4 are crystals, both of them have strong creep resistance, thus improving the high temperature flexural strength and deformation resistance of the ceramic cores.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4170-6
This research focused on the influences of Cr element doping on the microstructure, thermal stability, microhardness, soft magnetic, and anti-corrosion properties of FeCoNiSiB multi-principal element alloys. The as-received Fe-Co-Ni-Si-B-Cr alloy ribbons made by melt-spinning technique could maintain amorphous nature. The glass-transition temperature and onset crystallization temperature become lower with the addition of Cr, and the highest values are 782.0 K and 821.5 K, respectively. When the Cr content reaches 3at.%, the alloy owns the best soft magnetic performance with the saturation magnetic flux density of ~0.578 T and coercivity of ~5.5 A·m-1 among the studied melt-spun ribbon samples. The microhardness of all alloy ribbons reduces with an increasing Cr content on the whole, and the values are 810 HV0.5 or above. The corrosion behavior of these multi-principal element amorphous alloys containing Cr was also investigated in detail. As the Cr content increases, the corrosion resistance becomes superior and the specimens present the obvious passive regions in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution. The glassy ribbons with 8at.% Cr have the highest self-corrosion potential of -0.340 V and pitting potential of 0.288 V as well as the widest passive region of 0.628 V. Besides, the corroded micrographs of alloy ribbons immersed in corrosive environment lasting 100 h are also presented, which further confirms the above-mentioned experimental results. This research deepens the understanding about the role of Cr element in the microstructure and a series of physical and chemical properties of Fe-Co-Ni-Si-B-Cr multi-principal element amorphous alloys.
China Foundry•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-4050-5
Abstract: The directional annealing technique is widely used to prepare columnar grains or single crystals. To investigate the effect of hot zone temperature and temperature gradient on the growth of columnar crystals, Ti43Al alloys were heat treated by the directional annealing technique and their mechanical properties were tested. The results show that columnar grains with a maximum size of 22.29 mm can be obtained at a hot zone temperature of 1,350 °C and a temperature gradient of 8 K·mm-1. During the directional annealing process, Ti43Al alloys are heated to α single-phase domain to start the phase transformation. Columnar grains with a microstructure of fully lamellar colonies are obtained at different hot zone temperatures and temperature gradients. The distribution of the orientation difference for the α2 phase was found to be more random, suggesting that the growth of the columnar crystals may be stochastic in nature. Tensile testing results show that the strength and elongation of directional annealed Ti43Al alloy at 1,400 °C-8 K·mm-1 are 411.23 MPa and 2.29%, and the remaining directional annealed alloys show almost plasticity.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01197-8
During the metal cutting process, especially in continuous contact conditions like turning, the challenge of lubricants failing to effectively reach the cutting point remains unresolved. Micro-textured cutting tools offer a potential solution for tool-chip contact challenges. Inspired by the evolutionary achievements of the biosphere, micro-textures are expected to overcome lubrication limitations in cutting zones. Drawing on the anti-gravity water transport seen at the mouth edge of the Nepenthes plant, an innovative microchannel with Nepenthes-shaped contours was designed on the rake face to enable controlled lubricant transport. However, the dynamics of lubricant delivery on textured surfaces are not fully understood. This study first analyzed the microstructure and water transport mechanism of Nepenthes to reconstruct a micro-textured surface for controlled lubricant transport. A dynamic model was then developed to describe lubricant transport within open microchannels, with mathematical simulations predicting transport speed and flow distance. To validate this model, diffusion experiments of alumina soybean oil nanolubricant on polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tool surfaces were conducted, showing an average prediction deviation of 5.01%. Compared with the classical Lucas-Washburn model, the new model improved prediction accuracy by 4.72%. Additionally, comparisons were made to examine droplet spreading and non-uniform diffusion on textured surfaces, revealing that the T2 surface exhibited the strongest unidirectional diffusion characteristics. The contact angle ratio, droplet unidirectional spreading ratio, and droplet spreading aspect ratio were 0.48, 1.75, and 3.99, respectively. Finally, the anti-wear, friction-reducing, and efficiency-enhancing mechanisms of micro-textured surfaces in minimum quantity lubrication turning were analyzed. This approach may support continuous cutting of difficult-to-machine materials.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3071-9
Indigenous microbial communities were employed after subculture in stirred and column bioleaching experiments involving ion-adsorption type rare earth ore. The microbial eukaryotic communities exhibited dramatically varying diversity and structure across culture compositions. Compared with Czapek and sucrose medium, the community cultured in a nutrient broth (NB) medium had a higher diversity, and it was mainly composed of Zygosaccharomyces, Ustilago, Kodamaea, Malassezia, and Aspergillus. These microorganisms secrete organic acids, such as citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, and itaconic acid, which provide effective coordination electrons through hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Stirred bioleaching experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of community, inoculum dosage, liquid–solid ratio, and time on the leaching efficiency. Stirred bioleaching resulted in a concentration limitation phenomenon. When the inoculum dosage of the community cultured in NB medium was 70vol%, the liquid–solid ratio was 5.0 mL·g−1, and the time was 60 min, the upward trend of rare earths leaching rate has become very small. Specifically, the leaching rates of detectable La, Ce, and Y were approximately 92.49%, 92.42%, and 94.39%, respectively. The leaching efficiency and the three influencing factors all conformed to the Poly5 polynomial function, with variances above 0.99. Column bioleaching experiments were performed at a scale of 1 kg. The self-propelled low-pH environment increased the leaching efficiency, which resulted in a leaching rate of 98.88% for rare earths after 117 h. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the samples mainly comprised quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, muscovite, and zeolite, which were predominantly present in the form of lumps, flakes, rods, and small particles. After bioleaching, the wave intensity of quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, and muscovite increased, and that of zeolite decreased considerably. A diminution in the number of fine particles indicated the dissolution of small quantities of clay minerals. Ultimately, the differentiated bioleaching mechanism of various forms of rare earths was discussed based on experimental phenomena.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01317-4
In the field of flexible polishing, the accuracy of contact force control directly affects processing quality and material removal uniformity. However, the complex dynamic contact model and inherent strong hysteresis of pneumatic systems can significantly impact the force control accuracy of pneumatic polishing system end-effectors. To enhance responsiveness and control precision during the flexible polishing process, this study proposes an observer-based fuzzy adaptive control (OBFAC) scheme. To ensure control accuracy under an uncertain dynamic contact model, a fuzzy state observer is designed to estimate unmeasured states, while fuzzy logic approximates the uncertain nonlinear functions in the model to improve control performance. Additionally, the integral barrier Lyapunov function is employed to ensure that all states remain within predefined constraints. The stability of the proposed control scheme is analyzed using the Lyapunov function, and a pneumatic polishing experimental platform is constructed to conduct polishing contact force control experiments under multiple scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed OBFAC scheme achieves superior tracking control performance compared to existing control schemes.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6089-x
Aiming at the problem that the distance between the main roadway and the working face in Hudi Coal Industry Panel was more than 100 m, which was still affected by mining, high stress concentration of the roadway, and difficulty of supporting overall convergence of the section, the mechanical characteristics of the core bearing strata of the overlying rock caving in the working face were studied. The correlation mechanism between the overlying rock caving and the deformation and failure of the roadway was analyzed, and the quantitative evaluation index was established to comprehensively analyze different influencing factors. Based on the key strata theory, the mechanical difference transfer model of working face mining and panel roadway deformation and failure was established. It was considered that the difference in fracture morphology was the key to the far-field stress disturbance. The regional stress control technology was proposed to block or reduce the stress transfer, so that the peak stress of the panel main roadway was reduced, and the deformation of the surrounding rock was significantly reduced, which provides a reference value for the roadway support with serious influence of mining roadway.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3009-2
The application of liquid core reduction (LCR) technology in thin slab continuous casting can refine the internal microstructures of slabs and improve their production efficiency. To avoid crack risks caused by large deformation during the LCR process and to minimize the thickness of the slab in bending segments, the maximum theoretical reduction amount and the corresponding reduction scheme for the LCR process must be determined. With SPA-H weathering steel as a specific research steel grade, the distributions of temperature and deformation fields of a slab with the LCR process were analyzed using a three-dimensional thermal–mechanical finite element model. High-temperature tensile tests were designed to determine the critical strain of corner crack propagation and intermediate crack initiation with various strain rates and temperatures, and a prediction model of the critical strain for two typical cracks, combining the effects of strain rate and temperature, was proposed by incorporating the Zener–Hollomon parameter. The crack risks with different LCR schemes were calculated using the crack risk prediction model, and the maximum theoretical reduction amount for the SPA-H slab with a transverse section of 145 mm × 1600 mm was 41.8 mm, with corresponding reduction amounts for Segment 0 to Segment 4 of 15.8, 7.3, 6.5, 6.4, and 5.8 mm, respectively.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01625-9
Microbatteries (MBs) are crucial to power miniaturized devices for the Internet of Things. In the evolutionary journey of MBs, fabrication technology emerges as the cornerstone, guiding the intricacies of their configuration designs, ensuring precision, and facilitating scalability for mass production. Photolithography stands out as an ideal technology, leveraging its unparalleled resolution, exceptional design flexibility, and entrenched position within the mature semiconductor industry. However, comprehensive reviews on its application in MB development remain scarce. This review aims to bridge that gap by thoroughly assessing the recent status and promising prospects of photolithographic microfabrication for MBs. Firstly, we delve into the fundamental principles and step-by-step procedures of photolithography, offering a nuanced understanding of its operational mechanisms and the criteria for photoresist selection. Subsequently, we highlighted the specific roles of photolithography in the fabrication of MBs, including its utilization as a template for creating miniaturized micropatterns, a protective layer during the etching process, a mold for soft lithography, a constituent of MB active component, and a sacrificial layer in the construction of micro-Swiss-roll structure. Finally, the review concludes with a summary of the key challenges and future perspectives of MBs fabricated by photolithography, providing comprehensive insights and sparking research inspiration in this field.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01538-7
Gas quenching and vacuum quenching process are widely applied to accelerate solvent volatilization to induce nucleation of perovskites in blade-coating method. In this work, we found these two pre-crystallization processes lead to different order of crystallization dynamics within the perovskite thin film, resulting in the differences of additive distribution. We then tailor-designed an additive molecule named 1,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea to obtain films with fewer defects and holes at the buried interface, and prepared perovskite solar cells with a certified efficiency of 23.75%. Furthermore, this work also demonstrates an efficiency of 20.18% for the large-area perovskite solar module (PSM) with an aperture area of 60.84 cm2. The PSM possesses remarkable continuous operation stability for maximum power point tracking of T90 > 1000 h in ambient air.