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🏛️ Key Research Academy24 Indexed Works

Tsinghua University

Verified scientific contributions, CAS laboratory outputs, clinical trial papers, and engineering breakthroughs produced by researchers and faculty affiliated with Tsinghua University.

Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2026

Preface to Focus Topic on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA) 2025

Authors: Yan Lu, Sai-Weng Sin

This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors (JoS) features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications (ICTA), held in Macao, China, from October 22 to 24, 2025. IEEE ICTA is an IEEE flagship conference in the field of integrated circuits (IC) in China, providing a communication platform for sharing state-of-the-art techniques from experts in the field of ICs. Among the 146 papers presented at ICTA 2025, the Technical Program Committee and the Award Committee selected 3 high-quality articles for recommendation to the Special Topic of JoS, covering the technical fields of RF, medical neural interface, and vision sensing ICs. The first article, from Zhejiang University, introduces a fractional-N dual-path SPD/PFD PLL with a complementary digital-to-time converter (DTC) pair for DTC range reduction and INL cancellation, achieving 118 fs RMS jitter and -247.5 dB figure-of-merit in 7 nm FinFET. The second article, also from Zhejiang University, presents a battery-free neural interface with dual-overlapped on-chip antennas, enabling high-data-rate backscatter for 72-channel simultaneous recording, achieving 18 Mbps backscatter data rate in 65 nm CMOS. The third article, from the Southern University of Science and Technology, describes a cascadable stereo matching processor with a scalable semi-global matching algorithm, achieving speedups of up to 178x and 97x over CPU and Edge GPU platforms, respectively, with an energy efficiency of 7.9 pJ/pixel in 40-nm CMOS.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
China Foundry•2026

Effect of critical tempering on microstructure evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion behavior of a cast multiphase stainless steel

Authors: Jing-yu He, Guo-qiang Liu, Zi-xiang Wu, Hua-wei Zhang, Xiang Chen

A novel cast stainless steel featuring a multiphase microstructure and a nominal composition of Fe-13.5Cr-2.6Si-6.9Ni-1.1Cu-1.1Mn-1.0Mo-0.35Al-0.025C (wt.%) was investigated. Following solution treatment at 1,050 °C and water quenching, the specimens were subjected to further tempering at 570 °C, 610 °C, and 650 °C to explore the effects of critical tempering on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Various characterization techniques were employed to examine the phase distribution within the microstructure, with particular attention given to the content and morphology of reverted austenite. Tensile and corrosion tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the specimens. The results reveal that critical tempering significantly enhances the mechanical properties, with the specimen tempered at 610 °C achieving the highest product of strength and elongation (PSE=23.6 GPa·%), whereas corrosion resistance deteriorates with increasing tempering temperature. Calculations of the martensite start temperature (Ms) and stacking fault energy (γSFE) for the reversed austenite in different specimens indicate that the stability of reversed austenite strongly influences mechanical behavior through the TRIP and TWIP effects. However, tempering-induced Cr segregation at ferrite/martensite interfaces and the formation of Cr-depleted zones become more pronounced at higher tempering temperatures, leading to a degradation in corrosion resistance. Furthermore, multiphase coordinated deformation improves the strength-ductility balance, while corrosion tends to initiate at chemically inhomogeneous phase boundaries.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2026

Tackling Challenges and Exploring Opportunities in Cathode Binder Innovation

Authors: Tingrun Lai, Li Wang, Zhibei Liu, Adnan Murad Bhayo, Yude Wang, Xiangming He

Long-life energy storage batteries are integral to energy storage systems and electric vehicles, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) currently being the preferred option for extended usage-life energy storage. To further extend the life span of LIBs, it is essential to intensify investments in battery design, manufacturing processes, and the advancement of ancillary materials. The pursuit of long durability introduces new challenges for battery energy density. The advent of electrode material offers effective support in enhancing the battery’s long-duration performance. Often underestimated as part of the cathode composition, the binder plays a pivotal role in the longevity and electrochemical performance of the electrode. Maintaining the mechanical integrity of the electrode through judicious binder design is a fundamental requirement for achieving consistent long-life cycles and high energy density. This paper primarily concentrates on the commonly employed cathode systems in lithium-ion batteries, elucidates the significance of binders for both, discusses the application status, strengths, and weaknesses of novel binders, and ultimately puts forth corresponding optimization strategies. It underscores the critical function of binders in enhancing battery performance and advancing the sustainable development of lithium-ion batteries, aiming to offer fresh insights and perspectives for the design of high-performance LIBs.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2026

Emerging Chemical and Biological Materials Technologies in the Extraplanetary Environment

Authors: Qingyao Jiang, Bin Wang, Yifan Cheng, Yiming Wang, Hongxin Zhao, Yuan Lu

Space exploration and manufacturing are of critical importance for scientific advancement, technological innovation, national security, and the acquisition of extraterrestrial resources. In view of this, chemical and biological nano-/micro-/meso-scale manufacturing provide complementary approaches to overcome key space exploration challenges by enabling the in-situ production of essential life-support materials, propellants, and other resources. This review examines the origin and historical evolution of space manufacturing and the latest advances across different environments—from orbital space stations and the lunar surface to Mars and asteroids. It is structured to present the current state of research, outline key manufacturing strategies and technologies, assess the technical and environmental challenges, and discuss emerging trends and future directions. Besides, the potential applications of emerging technologies such as synthetic biology and artificial intelligence in overcoming the limitations of microgravity, limited resources, and extreme conditions are discussed. Ultimately, this integrative review could serve to guide future development, from advancing space science and disruptive manufacturing to enabling interdisciplinary and application-level innovations.

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New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025

Wearable energy harvesters based on graphene fibers

Authors: Guang Tianlei, Cheng Huhu, Qu Liangti

Graphene fibers (GFs) have demonstrated high strength, high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical flexibility, chemical stability, and good functionality, etc. at the macro-scale, and have been used in many different fields, particularly next-generation wearable and flexible devices. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the fabrication of GFs, including wet spinning, confined hydrothermal synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, and other emerging techniques. Special emphasis is placed on the development of GF-based devices that convert solar, thermal, or moisture energy from the environment into electrical energy. The working principles, structural design, and performance of these devices are summarized and current challenges and prospects for their use in wearable energy systems are detailed.

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Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025

A K/Ka-band series Doherty CMOS power amplifier with distributed multi-step impedance inverting network

Authors: Xinyu Jiang, Wei Deng, Junlong Gong, Haikun Jia, Baoyong Chi

A two-way K/Ka-band series-Doherty PA (SDPA) with a distributed impedance inverting network (IIN) for millimeter wave applications is presented in this article. The proposed distributed IIN contributes to achieve wideband linear and power back-off (PBO) efficiency enhancement. Implemented in 65 nm bulk CMOS technology, this work realizes a measured 3 dB bandwidth of 15.5 GHz with 21.2 dB peak small-signal gain at 34.2 GHz. Under 1-V power supply, it achieves OP1dB over 13.4 dBm and Psat over 16 dBm between 21 to 30 GHz. The measured maximum Psat, OP1dB, peak/OP1dB/6dBPBO PAE results are 17.5, 14.7 dBm, and 28.2%/23.2%/13.2%. Without digital pre-distortion (DPD) and equalization, EVMs are lower than −25.2 dB for 200 MHz 64-QAM signals. Besides, this work achieves −33.35, −23.52, and −20 dB EVMs for 100 MHz 256-QAM, 600 MHz 64-QAM and 2 GHz 16-QAM signals at 27 GHz without DPD and equalization.

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025

Morphological and size evolution of γ' phases during aging in nickel-based single crystal superalloy

Authors: Ye-yuan HU, Shao-xiang LI, Qing-yan XU

A multistage solution treatment process was applied for nickel-based single crystal superalloys, complemented by various aging durations and cooling rates. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the γ' phase. Additionally, phase field simulations were conducted to model the growth of γ' precipitates during aging and analyze their morphological evolution. The experimental results demonstrated that the multistage solution treatment effectively eliminated eutectic phases and carbides. Moreover, samples aged for 10 min exhibited larger and more rectangular γ' precipitates compared with those aged for 5 min. Notably, secondary γ' precipitates were observed in samples subjected to water cooling. Two indices for quantifying rectangularization were proposed and successfully applied. Based on the simulation results, lattice mismatch induced coherency stresses and elevated stress triaxiality along the 〈111〉 direction contributed to the rectangularization of the γ' phase.

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Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025

Multi-chip multi-phase DC−DC converters for AI power: a ring, a chain, or a net, independent or master-slave?

Authors: Yan Lu, Zhiguo Tong, Jiacheng Yang, Zhewen Yu, Mo Huang, Xiangyu Mao

As artificial intelligence (AI) workloads escalate exponentially, ultra-thin, high-efficiency voltage regulator modules (VRMs) with exceptional power density become essential for backside-mounted configurations. High-density multiphase DC−DC converters are pivotal for implementing vertical power delivery (VPD) architectures in XPU platforms. Strategically positioning these converters beneath processors and maximizing spatial utilization enables core rail currents exceeding 2 kA while significantly reducing power distribution network (PDN) losses compared to conventional solutions. The VPD configuration elevates system-level energy efficiency with >100 W power saving per processor, yielding megawatt-scale savings in a datacenter that uses ~100 000 processors. The synergy of 48 V power conversion architectures and advanced packaging techniques enables the industry’s commitment to balancing computational demands with CO2 emission reduction and environmental sustainability. This paper discusses system architecture, layout geometry, and control strategies for multi-chip multi-phase DC−DC converters, comparing ring, chain, and net topologies, as well as independent and master-slave control schemes.

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Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025

Preface to Special Topic on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications 2024

Authors: Zheng Wang, Yan Lu

This preface introduces the Special Topic on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications 2024, featuring expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications (ICTA), held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, from October 25 to 27, 2024. Among 115 papers presented, four high-quality articles were selected covering RF IC, Analog IC, and Wireline IC. The RF IC papers include a battery-free wireless temperature sensing chip for food production environment monitoring, achieving ±1.6°C accuracy from 25 to 50°C, and a two-way series Doherty power amplifier with distributed impedance inverting network for millimeter-wave applications, achieving 15.5 GHz bandwidth and 21.2 dB peak gain at 34.2 GHz. The Analog IC paper presents a high-precision bandgap reference with ultra-low temperature coefficient of 2.69 ppm/°C and line sensitivity of 0.0042%/V for battery management systems. The Wireline IC paper introduces a 112 Gbps DSP-based PAM4 SerDes receiver with wideband equalization tuning analog front-end, achieving 17.5 dB peaking tuning range and 6×10^-9 BER with 29.6 dB insertion loss channel. These articles highlight recent advances in integrated circuit design and applications.

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Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025

Advances in Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Modelling for CO2 Geological Storage and Utilization

Authors: Nanlin Zhang, Liangliang Jiang, Fushen Liu, Yuhao Luo, Lele Feng, Yiwen Ju, Allegra Hosford Scheirer, Jiansheng Zhang, Birol Dindoruk, S.M. Farouq Ali, Zhangxin Chen

Geological storage and utilization of CO2 involve complex interactions among Thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupling processes, which significantly affect storage integrity and efficiency. To address the challenges in accurately simulating these coupled phenomena, this paper systematically reviews recent advances in the mathematical modeling and numerical solution of THMC coupling in CO2 geological storage. The study focuses on the derivation and structure of governing and constitutive equations, the classification and comparative performance of fully coupled, iteratively coupled, and explicitly coupled solution methods, and the modeling of dynamic changes in porosity, permeability, and fracture evolution induced by multi-field interactions. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the capabilities, application scenarios, and limitations of major simulation platforms, including TOUGH, CMG-GEM, and COMSOL. By establishing a comparative framework integrating model formulations and solver strategies, this work clarifies the strengths and gaps of current approaches and contributes to the development of robust, scalable, and mechanism-oriented numerical models for long-term prediction of CO2 behavior in geological formations.

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Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025

Bio-inspired Spectral Adaptive Visual Devices: A New Paradigm for Structure-Defined Functionality

Authors: BAO Youyou, ZHAO Yuhan, WU Daixuan, TIAN He

In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has driven the widespread deployment of visual systems in complex environments such as autonomous driving, security surveillance, and medical diagnosis. However, existing image sensors—such as CMOS and CCD devices—intrinsically suffer from the limitation of fixed spectral response. Especially in environments with strong glare, haze, or dust, external spectral conditions often severely mismatch the device's design range, leading to significant degradation in image quality and a sharp drop in target recognition accuracy. While algorithmic post-processing (such as color bias correction or background suppression) can mitigate these issues, algorithm approaches typically introduce computational latency and increased energy consumption, making them unsuitable for edge computing or high-speed scenarios. Achieving real-time adaptation to environmental spectral changes at the hardware level remains a major bottleneck in the intelligentization of visual systems. In 2024, Ouyang et al. published a study in Nature Electronics proposing a biomimetic spectral adaptive visual device inspired by the spectral regulation mechanism of Pacific salmon. This design innovatively adopts a filterless, single-structure stacking approach, enabling the switching of the primary response spectral band within the device by adjusting the bias voltage, thereby defining spectral sensing functionality at the structural layer. The filterless stacking approach achieves 'depth-tunable' response through material heterostructures, not only avoids the volume and complexity issues of traditional multi-channel schemes but also constructs 'hardware-adaptive' sensing capabilities at the device level, opening up new avenues for the development of next-generation visual systems. Performance testing shows that the device achieves an external quantum efficiency (EQE) covering 340−880 nm at a +2 V bias, and transforms into a narrow-band response of 930−1075 nm at −2 V. The response and recovery times under 520 and 980 nm illumination are both controlled within 100 ms. Under strong visible light interference, the infrared target suppression ratio R980/R520 exceeds 10^4, demonstrating excellent spectral discrimination capability. The device switches stably at a frequency of 100 kHz and maintains consistent response across a wide temperature range. Further research expanded this device into an 8 × 8 array to test its spectral selective imaging capability, achieving dual-mode switching recognition accuracy of 90% for both visible and infrared targets without any image post-processing.

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Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025

High-gravity assisted coal mine gas separation based on clathrate hydrates: Implication for methane recovery

Authors: ZHANG Qiang, PENG Yalan, LI Xiang, LI Yuanji, YIN Zhenyuan

Hydrate-based gas separation offers a promising approach for coalbed methane recovery, reaching energy conservation and emissions reduction. This study innovatively applied high-gravity technology to enhance hydrate formation in separating 25%CH4/67%N2/8% O2 for achieving rapid and efficient methane recovery. Systematic investigations were conducted at 283.2 K and 3.0 MPa with tetrahydrofuran at a molar concentration of 5.56% and L-tryptophan at a mass concentration of 0.5% additives, first evaluating liquid flow rate effects (0–20 mL/min) on mixed hydrate kinetic performance and separation efficiency, followed by rotating speed optimization (0–1200 r min−1) under the optimal liquid flow rate. The high-gravity system amplified the gas–liquid contact area by ∼1155 times through cascaded liquid supply and secondary shear effects, methane molecules entered the hydrate phase rapidly under the highest driving force with the significantly intensified mass transfer. Optimal conditions (20 mL/min, 600 r min−1) yielded an exceptional initial hydrate growth rate of 58.59 mmol/(mol h) and methane recovery of 50.76%, about 71.33 and 0.58 times higher than the static system, respectively. Gas chromatography and Raman spectrometer analyses revealed superior methane enrichment in hydrate phase at 90% gas uptake completion, with a concurrent 41.17% reduction in process duration. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of high-gravity-enhanced hydrate technology for coalbed methane separation, offering valuable insights for optimizing clean energy utilization.

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Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025

Distinct gas production characteristics from laboratory-synthesized Class I, II, and III hydrate reservoirs: A novel thermally-segmented rotatable approach

Authors: Hongyu Ye, Jie Li, Yuanxin Yao, Daoyi Chen, Jun Duan, Xuezhen Wu, Dayong Li, Mucong Zi

Natural gas hydrate in Class I reservoirs holds significant commercial potential, as demonstrated by production trials in the South China Sea. However, experimental studies have focused largely on Class III systems, with Class I/II reservoirs remaining underrepresented due to the difficulties in simulating the geothermal gradient and interlayer interactions. This study investigates depressurization performance across all three classes using a novel 360° rotatable reactor with segmented temperature control, enabling precise simulation of reservoir conditions. Results reveal: (i) Class I shows two-stage gas production, with 50% from early free gas enabling rapid depressurization, followed by dissociated gas dominance. They achieve 38.4%–78.3% higher cumulative production and superior gas-to-water ratios due to efficient energy use. (ii) The free gas layer in Class I accelerates pressure and heat transfer. Class II’s water layer provides sensible heat but causes water blocking, impairing heat flow. Class III exhibits rapid initial dissociation but a quick decline without fluid support. (iii) Low temperature, low hydrate saturation, and high production pressure collectively reduce efficiency by increasing flow resistance, limiting gas supply, and reducing dissociation drive. Over-depressurization risks hydrate reformation and ice blockage. This work bridges experimental gaps for Class I/II reservoirs, offering key insights for optimizing recovery.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Two-Dimensional TiO2 Ultraviolet Filters for Sunscreens

Authors: Ruoning Yang, Jiefu Chen, Xiang Li, Yaxin Zhang, Baofu Ding, Yujiangsheng Xu, Shaoqiang Luo, Shaohua Ma, Xingang Ren, Gang Liu, Ling Qiu, Hui-Ming Cheng

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been an important protective ingredient in mineral-based sunscreens since the 1990s. However, traditional TiO2 nanoparticle formulations have seen little improvement over the past decades and continue to face persistent challenges related to light transmission, biosafety, and visual appearance. Here, we report the discovery of two-dimensional (2D) TiO2, characterized by a micro-sized lateral dimension (~1.6 μm) and atomic-scale thickness, which fundamentally resolves these long-standing issues. The 2D structure enables exceptional light management, achieving 80% visible light transparency—rendering it nearly invisible on the skin—while maintaining UV-blocking performance comparable to unmodified rutile TiO2 nanoparticles. Its larger lateral size results in a two-orders-of-magnitude reduction in skin penetration (0.96 w/w%), significantly enhancing biosafety. Moreover, the unique layered architecture inherently suppresses the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under sunlight exposure, reducing the ROS generation rate by 50-fold compared to traditional TiO2 nanoparticles. Through precise metal element modulation, we further developed the first customizable sunscreen material capable of tuning UV protection ranges and automatically matching diverse skin tones. The 2D TiO2 offers a potentially transformative approach to modern sunscreen formulation, combining superior UV protection, enhanced safety and a natural appearance.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Electrolyte Additive-Assembled Interconnecting Molecules–Zinc Anode Interface for Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors

Authors: Yang Li, Xu Li, Xinya Peng, Xinyu Yang, Feiyu Kang, Liubing Dong

Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs) are promising energy storage systems integrating high energy density and high-power density, whereas they are plagued by the poor electrochemical stability and inferior kinetics of zinc anodes. Herein, we report an electrolyte additive-assembled interconnecting molecules–zinc anode interface, realizing highly stable and fast-kinetics zinc anodes for ZHSs. The sulfobutyl groups-grafted β-cyclodextrin (SC) supramolecules as a trace additive in ZnSO4 electrolytes not only adsorb on zinc anodes but also self-assemble into an interconnecting molecule interface benefiting from the mutual attraction between the electron-rich sulfobutyl group and the electron-poor cavity of the adjacent SC supramolecule. The interconnecting molecules–zinc anode interface provides abundant anion-trapping cavities and zincophilic groups to enhance Zn2+ transference number and homogenize Zn2+ deposition sites, and meanwhile, it accelerates the desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ to improve zinc deposition kinetics and inhibit active water molecules from inducing parasitic reactions at the zinc deposition interface, making zinc anodes present superior reversibility with 99.7% Coulombic efficiency, ~30 times increase in operation lifetime and an outstanding cumulative capacity at large current densities. ZHSs with 20,000-cycle life and optimized rate capability are thereby achieved. This work provides an inspiring strategy for designing zinc anode interfaces to promote the development of ZHSs.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Passenger Comfort Assessment via Motion Complexity Analysis for Autonomous Vehicles

Authors: Titong Jiang, Jingyuan Li, Liang Ma, Xuewu Ji, Yahui Liu

Traditionally, passenger comfort in vehicles is perceived as being most influenced by acceleration and jerk. Consequently, the current research primarily focuses on developing control algorithms to limit the maximum acceleration and jerk of the vehicle in order to improve passenger comfort. However, naturalistic driving studies demonstrate that such simple characteristics are insufficient for accurately evaluating passenger comfort. This study identifies motion complexity as a key factor of passenger comfort. A series of naturalistic driving studies are conducted, during which passenger comfort is assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Moreover, a real-time passenger comfort measurement based on electromyography (EMG) and stepwise regression is proposed to facilitate seamless data collection. Time-series features representing motion complexity are then introduced to better describe passenger comfort. Hierarchical regression confirms that simple characteristics of motion are insufficient to explain passenger comfort, and shows that the proposed motion complexity features have a substantial effect on passenger comfort. Finally, a machine learning-based real-time passenger comfort estimation method is developed according to the foregoing findings. Experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate passenger comfort in real-time using only vehicle motion information. The findings of this study suggest that vehicle motion complexity should be considered in future passenger comfort studies.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

A Valuable and Low-Budget Process Scheme of Equivalized 1 nm Technology Node Based on 2D Materials

Authors: Yang Shen, Zhejia Zhang, Zhujun Yao, Mengge Jin, Jintian Gao, Yuhan Zhao, Wenzhong Bao, Yabin Sun, He Tian

Emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are among the most promising materials for ultra-scaled transistors due to their intrinsic atomic-level thickness. As the stacking process advances, the complexity and cost of nanosheet field-effect transistors (NSFETs) and complementary FET (CFET) continue to rise. The 1 nm technology node is going to be based on Si-CFET process according to international roadmap for devices and systems (IRDS) (2022, https://irds.ieee.org/), but not publicly confirmed, indicating that more possibilities still exist. The miniaturization advantage of 2D semiconductors motivates us to explore their potential for reducing process costs while matching the performance of next-generation nodes in terms of area, power consumption and speed. In this study, a comprehensive framework is built. A set of MoS2 NSFETs were designed and fabricated to extract the key parameters and performances. And then for benchmarking, the sizes of 2D-NSFET are scaled to a extent that both of the Si-CFET and 2D-NSFET have the same average device footprint. Under these conditions, the frequency of ultra-scaled 2D-NSFET is found to improve by 36% at a fixed power consumption. This work verifies the feasibility of replacing silicon-based CFETs of 1 nm node with 2D-NSFETs and proposes a 2D technology solution for 1 nm nodes, i.e., "2D eq 1 nm" nodes. At the same time, thanks to the lower characteristic length of 2D semiconductors, the miniaturized 2D-NSFET achieves a 28% frequency increase at a fixed power consumption. Further, developing a standard cell library, these devices obtain a similar trend in 16-bit RISC-V CPUs. This work quantifies and highlights the advantages of 2D semiconductors in advanced nodes, offering new possibilities for the application of 2D semiconductors in high-speed and low-power integrated circuits.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Observation of Ice-Like Two-Dimensional Flakes on Self-Assembled Protein Monolayer without Nanoconfinement under Ambient Conditions

Authors: Wuxian Peng, Linbo Li, Xiyue Bai, Ping Yi, Yu Xie, Lejia Wang, Wei Du, Tao Wang, Jian-Qiang Zhong, Yuan Li

Directly correlating the morphology and composition of interfacial water is vital not only for studying water icing under critical conditions but also for understanding the role of protein–water interactions in bio-relevant systems. In this study, we present a model system to study two-dimensional (2D) water layers under ambient conditions by using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) supporting the physisorption of the Cytochrome C (Cyt C) protein layer. We observed that the 2D island-like water layers were uniformly distributed on the SAMs as characterized by atomic force microscopy, and their composition was confirmed by nano-atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, these 2D flakes could grow under high-humidity conditions or melt upon the introduction of a heat source. The formation of these flakes is attributed to the activation energy for water desorption from the Cyt C being nearly twofold high than that from the SAMs. Our results provide a new and effective method for further understanding the water–protein interactions.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Photonic Chip Based on Ultrafast Laser-Induced Reversible Phase Change for Convolutional Neural Network

Authors: Jiawang Xie, Jianfeng Yan, Haoze Han, Yuzhi Zhao, Ma Luo, Jiaqun Li, Heng Guo, Ming Qiao

Photonic computing has emerged as a promising technology for the ever-increasing computational demands of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Due to the advantages in computing speed, integrated photonic chips have attracted wide research attention on performing convolutional neural network algorithm. Programmable photonic chips are vital for achieving practical applications of photonic computing. Herein, a programmable photonic chip based on ultrafast laser-induced phase change is fabricated for photonic computing. Through designing the ultrafast laser pulses, the Sb film integrated into photonic waveguides can be reversibly switched between crystalline and amorphous phase, resulting in a large contrast in refractive index and extinction coefficient. As a consequence, the light transmission of waveguides can be switched between write and erase states. To determine the phase change time, the transient laser-induced phase change dynamics of Sb film are revealed at atomic scale, and the time-resolved transient reflectivity is measured. Based on the integrated photonic chip, photonic convolutional neural networks are built to implement machine learning algorithm, and images recognition task is achieved. This work paves a route for fabricating programmable photonic chips by designed ultrafast laser, which will facilitate the application of photonic computing in artificial intelligence.

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Nano-Micro Letters•2025

Surface/Interface Engineering for High-Resolution Micro-/Nano-Photodetectors

Authors: Jinlin Chang, Ting Liu, Xiao Geng, Genting Dai, Liangliang Yang, Mingjun Cheng, Linpan Jiang, Zhenyuan Sun, Jianshe Liu, Wei Chen

Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals, so are widely used in photovoltaics, photon counting, monitoring, and imaging. Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their small size unit integration. However, these photodetector units often exhibit poor photoelectric performance due to material defects and inadequate structures, which greatly limit the functions of devices. Designing modification strategies and micro-/nanostructures can compensate for defects, adjust the bandgap, and develop novel quantum structures, which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices. Here, this paper aims to comprehensively elaborate on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors. It starts from the fundamentals of photodetectors, such as principles, types, and parameters, and describes the influence of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and post-processing. Then, we analyse in detail the great influence of surface/interface engineering on the performance of photovoltaic devices, including surface/interface modification and micro-/nanostructural design. Finally, the applications and prospects of optoelectronic devices in various fields such as miniaturization of electronic devices, robotics, and human–computer interaction are shown.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Method Design and Field Experiment Validation of Predictive Fuel-saving Cruise Control Based on Cloud Control Platform

Authors: Keke Wan, Shuyan Li, Bolin Gao, Fachao Jiang, Yanbin Liu

Predictive cruise control (PCC) is an intelligence-assisted control technology that can significantly improve the overall performance of a vehicle by using road and traffic information in advance. With the continuous development of cloud control platforms (CCPs) and telematics boxes (T-boxes), cloud-based predictive cruise control (CPCC) systems are considered an effective solution to the problems of map update difficulties and insufficient computing power on the vehicle side. In this study, a vehicle-cloud hierarchical control architecture for PCC is designed based on a CCP and T-box. This architecture utilizes waypoint structures for hierarchical and dynamic cooperative inter-triggering, enabling rolling optimization of the system and commanding parsing at the vehicle end. This approach significantly improves the anti-interference capability and resolution efficiency of the system. On the CCP side, a predictive fuel-saving speed-planning (PFSP) algorithm that considers the throttle input, speed variations, and time efficiency based on the waypoint structure is proposed. It features a forward optimization search without requiring weight adjustments, demonstrating robust applicability to various road conditions and vehicles equipped with constant cruise (CC) system. On the vehicle-side T-box, based on the reference control sequence with the global navigation satellite system position, the recommended speed is analyzed and controlled using the acute angle principle. Through analyzing the differences of the PFSP algorithm compared to dynamic programming (DP) and Model predictive control (MPC) algorithms under uphill and downhill conditions, the results show that the PFSP achieves good energy-saving performance compared to CC without exhibiting significant speed fluctuations, demonstrating strong adaptability to the CC system. Finally, by building an experimental platform and running field tests over a total of 2000 km, we verified the effectiveness and stability of the CPCC system and proved the fuel-saving performance of the proposed PFSP algorithm. The results showed that the CPCC system equipped with the PFSP algorithm achieved an average fuel-saving rate of 2.05%–4.39% compared to CC.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Estimation of Road Friction Coefficient via the Data Enforced Unscented Kalman Filter

Authors: Jinheng Han, Junzhi Zhang, Chen Lv, Ruihai Ma, Henglai Wei

The tire-road friction coefficient (TRFC) plays a critical role in vehicle safety and dynamic stability, with model-based approaches being the primary method for TRFC estimation. However, the accuracy of these methods is often constrained by the complexity of tire force expressions and uncertainties in tire model parameters, particularly under diverse and complex driving conditions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel data-enforced unscented Kalman filter (DeUKF) approach for precise TRFC estimation in intelligent chassis systems. First, an Unscented Kalman Filter is constructed using a nominal tire model-based vehicle dynamics formulation. Then, leveraging Willems’ Fundamental Lemma and historical real-world driving data, the vehicle dynamics model is adaptively corrected within the Unscented Kalman Filter framework. This correction effectively mitigates the adverse effects of tire model uncertainties, thereby enhancing TRFC estimation accuracy. Finally, real vehicle experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Kinematic Calibration of a 5-DoF Parallel Machining Robot with a Novel Adaptive and Weighted Identification Method Based on Generalized Cross Validation

Authors: Lefeng Gu, Fugui Xie

Accurate kinematic calibration is the very foundation for robots’ application in industry demanding high precision such as machining. Considering the complex error characteristic and severe ill-posed identification issues of a 5-DoF parallel machining robot, this paper proposes an adaptive and weighted identification method to achieve high-precision kinematic calibration while maintaining reliable stability. First, a kinematic error propagation mechanism model considering the non-ideal constraints and the screw self-rotation is formulated by incorporating the intricate structure of multiple chains and a unique driven screw arrangement of the robot. To address the challenge of accurately identifying such a sophisticated error model, a novel adaptive and weighted identification method based on generalized cross validation (GCV) is proposed. Specifically, this approach innovatively introduces Gauss-Markov estimation into the GCV algorithm and utilizes prior physical information to construct both a weighted identification model and a weighted cross-validation function, thus eliminating the inaccuracy caused by significant differences in dimensional magnitudes of pose errors and achieving accurate identification with flexible numerical stability. Finally, the kinematic calibration experiment is conducted. The comparative experimental results demonstrate that the presented approach is effective and has enhanced accuracy performance over typical least squares methods, with maximum position and orientation errors reduced from 2.279 mm to 0.028 mm and from 0.206° to 0.017°, respectively.

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025

Collaborative Improvement of Structure Shape and Surface Integrity in Titanium Alloy Hole Burnishing

Authors: Jiahui Liu, Pingfa Feng, Zibiao Wang, Jianfu Zhang, Feng Feng, Xiangyu Zhang

In the aerospace field, hole burnishing enhancement plays an essential role in improving the service performance of load-bearing holes. To satisfy the assembly accuracy and strength requirements, the structure shape and surface integrity must be considered simultaneously during the enhancement process. The current manufacturing process of hole burnishing has a relatively weak balance between the structure shape and surface integrity; therefore, it is necessary to analyze the mechanism and optimize the parameters to improve the strengthening effect of the holes. In this study, a two-dimensional longitudinal simplified model for the hole burnishing process was established, and the reasons for the surface roughness improvement of the hole wall and material accumulation on the upper surface were analyzed. Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the burnishing parameters on the structure shape (material accumulation, shape contour, and roundness) and surface integrity (surface roughness, residual stress, and surface hardness), based on the opposite requirements of improving the structure shape and surface integrity for the burnishing depth (BD). The results showed that with an increase in the BD, the structure shape deteriorated, whereas the surface integrity improved. Fatigue behavior verification experiments were conducted, and parameter selection schemes for the collaborative improvement of the structure shape and surface integrity were discussed. For the holes of titanium alloy TB6 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al), the fatigue life can be increased by 162% when the BD, spindle speed, and feed rate were 0.20 mm, 200 r/min, and 0.2 mm/r, respectively.

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