Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.08.005
Organic barrier coatings fail prematurely under synergistic marine corrosion factors, necessitating autonomous damage reporting and repair. This study synthesizes DT@PU/UF microcapsules via one-step in-situ polymerization, encapsulating 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) as a reporting agent and tung oil (TO) as a healing agent within a polyurethane/urea-formaldehyde hybrid shell. Single-variable experiments established optimal processing parameters: stirring speed 400 r/min, reaction time 3 h, and emulsifier (EMA) dosage 0.5 wt.%. The resulting microcapsules achieved DCF and TO loading capacities of 1.3% and 35.82%, respectively. Incorporating these microcapsules into an epoxy matrix yielded DP coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, adhesion testing, and optical microscopy revealed that a 9 wt.% microcapsule loading (DP9wt.%) delivered optimal performance. After 240 h of seawater immersion, DP9wt.% exhibited an impedance modulus of 2.88×10^5 Ω·cm^2, one order of magnitude higher than the neat epoxy (EP) coating, and a wet adhesion loss of only 37.7%. Scratch tests confirmed that microcapsule rupture releases DCF, which reacts with residual amine groups to form a red precipitate under natural light and yellow fluorescence under UV, enabling dual-mode damage reporting. Simultaneously, TO fills cracks and crosslinks with oxygen to restore barrier integrity. This dual-action mechanism offers a viable route for extending the service life of epoxy coatings in marine environments.
Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.12.002
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are critical for protecting aero-engine and gas-turbine hot-section components, yet conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings degrade severely above 1200 °C through phase destabilization, sintering-induced densification, and environmental attack. This review systematically analyzes high-temperature failure mechanisms governed by coupled oxidation, residual stress, and corrosion. Key degradation modes include thermally grown oxide (TGO) thickening and interfacial rumpling, tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation in YSZ, CMAS and molten-salt infiltration, and water-oxygen synergistic erosion. The dynamic interrelations and nonlinear characteristics of these failure modes are clarified. Efficiency enhancement strategies are categorized into compositional optimization (novel ceramics, multi-component solid solutions, reactive-element doping), microstructural design (lamellar, columnar, and functionally graded architectures), and post-treatment (laser remelting, vacuum heat treatment). Quantitative benchmarks demonstrate that at 1200 °C thermal cycling, BPS coatings remain intact after 250 cycles versus spallation of 8YSZ at 150 cycles, indicating a ≥67% lifetime improvement. Vacuum heat treatment suppresses bond-coat damage, reducing oxide content by ~80% and porosity by ~90% after 400 h isothermal oxidation. These findings provide a theoretical and technical basis for rational design of next-generation high-performance, long-life TBCs.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01847-5
Developing biomass platform compounds into high value-added chemicals is a key step in renewable resource utilization. Herein, we report porous carbon-supported Ni-ZnO nanoparticles catalyst (Ni-ZnO/AC) synthesized via low-temperature coprecipitation, exhibiting excellent performance for the selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A linear correlation is first observed between solvent polarity (ET(30)) and product selectivity within both polar aprotic and protic solvent classes, suggesting that solvent properties play a vital role in directing reaction pathways. Among these, 1,4-dioxane (aprotic) favors the formation of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) with 97.5% selectivity, while isopropanol (iPrOH, protic) promotes 2,5-dimethylfuran production with up to 99.5% selectivity. Mechanistic investigations further reveal that beyond polarity, proton-donating ability is critical in facilitating hydrodeoxygenation. iPrOH enables a hydrogen shuttle mechanism where protons assist in hydroxyl group removal, lowering the activation barrier. In contrast, 1,4-dioxane, lacking hydrogen bond donors, stabilizes BHMF and hinders further conversion. Density functional theory calculations confirm a lower activation energy in iPrOH (0.60 eV) compared to 1,4-dioxane (1.07 eV). This work offers mechanistic insights and a practical strategy for solvent-mediated control of product selectivity in biomass hydrogenation, highlighting the decisive role of solvent-catalyst-substrate interactions.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01834-w
Refractory wounds cause significant harm to the health of patients and the most common treatments in clinical practice are surgical debridement and wound dressings. However, certain challenges, including surgical difficulty, lengthy recovery times, and a high recurrence rate persist. Conductive hydrogel dressings with combined monitoring and therapeutic properties have strong advantages in promoting wound healing due to the stimulation of endogenous current on wounds and are the focus of recent advancements. Therefore, this review introduces the mechanism of conductive hydrogel used for wound monitoring and healing, the materials selection of conductive hydrogel dressings used for wound monitoring, focuses on the conductive hydrogel sensor to monitor the output categories of wound status signals, proving invaluable for non-invasive, real-time evaluation of wound condition to encourage wound healing. Notably, the research of artificial intelligence (AI) model based on sensor derived data to predict the wound healing state, AI makes use of this abundant data set to forecast and optimize the trajectory of tissue regeneration and assess the stage of wound healing. Finally, refractory wounds including pressure ulcers, diabetes ulcers and articular wounds, and the corresponding wound monitoring and healing process are discussed in detail. This manuscript supports the growth of clinically linked disciplines and offers motivation to researchers working in the multidisciplinary field of conductive hydrogel dressings.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01775-4
The hole transport layer (HTL)-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) are promising for commercialization owing to their excellent operational stability and simple fabrication process. However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of C-PSCs are inferior to the metal electrode-based devices due to their open-circuit voltage (Voc) loss. Herein, time-resolved confocal photoluminescence microscopy reveals that grain boundary defects at the perovskite/carbon interface are very likely to function as nonradiative recombination centers in HTL-free C-PSCs. A versatile additive Li2CO3 is used to modify the conformal tin oxide electron transport layer for HTL-free C-PSCs. Li2CO3 modification can result in enhanced charge extraction and optimized energy alignment at electron transport layer/perovskite interface, as well as suppressed defects at perovskite top surface due to Li2CO3-induced formation of PbI2 crystallites. Such dual interfacial passivation ultimately leads to significantly improved Voc up to 1.142 V, which is comparable to the metal electrode-based devices with HTL. Moreover, a record-high PCE of 33.2% is achieved for Li2CO3-modified C-PSCs under weak light illumination conditions, demonstrating excellent indoor photovoltaic performance. This work provides a practical approach to fabricate low-cost, highly efficient carbon-based perovskite solar cells.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01670-y
In the realm of virtual reality (VR), haptic feedback is integral to enhance the immersive experience; yet, existing wearable devices predominantly rely on skin contact feedback, lacking options for compact and non-contact breeze-sense feedback. Herein, we propose a compact and non-contact working model piezoelectret actuator for providing a gentle and safe breeze sensation. This easy-fabricated and flexible breeze-sense generator with thickness around 1 mm generates air flow pressure up to ~163 Pa, which is significantly sensed by human skin. In a typical demonstration, the breeze-sense generators array showcases its versatility by employing multiple coded modes for non-contact information transmitting. The thin thinness and good flexibility facilitate seamless integration with wearable VR setups, and the wearable arrays empower volunteers to precisely perceive the continuous and sudden breeze senses in the virtual environments. This work is expected to inspire developing new haptic feedback devices that play pivotal roles in human–machine interfaces for VR applications.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010010
Infrared and terahertz waves constitute pivotal bands within the electromagnetic spectrum, distinguished by their robust penetration capabilities and non-ionizing nature. These wavebands offer the potential for achieving high-resolution and non-destructive detection methodologies, thereby possessing considerable research significance across diverse domains including communication technologies, biomedical applications, and security screening systems. Two-dimensional materials, owing to their distinctive optoelectronic attributes, have found widespread application in photodetection endeavors. Nonetheless, their efficacy diminishes when tasked with detecting lower photon energies. Furthermore, as the landscape of device integration evolves, two-dimensional materials struggle to align with the stringent demands for device superior performance. Topological materials, with their topologically protected electronic states and non-trivial topological invariants, exhibit quantum anomalous Hall effects and ultra-high carrier mobility, providing a new approach for seeking photosensitive materials for infrared and terahertz photodetectors. This article introduces various types of topological materials and their properties, followed by an explanation of the detection mechanism and performance parameters of photodetectors. Finally, it summarizes the current research status of near-infrared to far-infrared photodetectors and terahertz photodetectors based on topological materials, discussing the challenges faced and future prospects in their development.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01239-1
In the context of Industry 5.0, more emphasis is placed on human-centric smart manufacturing patterns. Product design is a vital phase of smart manufacturing, involving user engagement is an essential factor in enhancing design quality and fostering innovation. With user involvement in-depth, dynamically changing user requirements and feedback bring new problems to the design process, and the traditional linear solving process cannot perceive such variations timely, which causes hysteresis in the solution. The design solution’s hysteresis affects the consensus achievement process between the designer and user, further prolonging the iteration cycle. To address this issue, a human-centric product conceptual design model is proposed for the timely translation of such variations into design solutions. In this model, design problems are formed by centering on user requirements, designer and user collaboratively solve the problems to form design solutions. Through a cycle of problem-driven, knowledge-supported, and solution evaluation, new problems are solved promptly to achieve progressive solution convergence, which clarifies the iterative evolution process and improves iterative efficiency. To verify the effectiveness of the model, a natural gas well foaming agent automatic filling device design is presented.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01223-9
To investigate the forward kinematics problem of parallel mechanisms with complex limbs and to expand the applicability of the powerful tool of Conformal Geometric Algebra (CGA), a CGA-based modeling and solution method for a class of parallel platforms with 3-RE structure after locking the actuated joints is proposed in this paper. Given that the angle between specific joint axes of limbs remains constant, a set of geometric constraints for the forward kinematics of parallel mechanisms (PM) are determined. After translating unit direction vectors of these joint axes to the common starting point, the geometric constraints of the angle between the vectors are transformed into the distances between the endpoints of the vectors, making them easier to handle. Under the framework of CGA, the positions of key points that determine the position and orientation of the moving platform can be intuitively determined by the intersection, division, and duality of basic geometric entities. By employing the tangent half-angle substitution, the forward kinematic analysis of the parallel mechanisms leads to a high-order univariate polynomial equation without the need for any complex algebraic elimination operations. After solving this equation and back substitution, the position and pose of the MP can be obtained indirectly. A numerical case is utilized to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6069-1
High-speed railway (HSR) bridge piers in high-altitude areas frequently face the challenge of early-age thermal cracking. This study employed numerical simulation methods to analyze the early-age temperature field, deformation field, and cracking risk of HSR bridge piers, considering three factors: binder content, cement types, and formwork types. The results show that the cracking risk slightly increases with a higher content of cementitious materials. However, this risk can be mitigated by selecting cements with lower heat of hydration and formwork materials with higher thermal conductivity. A variable termed “representative temperature rise for unit concrete” was proposed to integrate these three factors and comprehensively reflect the inherent thermal property of the pier. Subsequently, three linear regression models for predicting the demolding age of HSR bridge piers were established. These models empower engineers to determine the earliest feasible time for formwork removal without the need for complex computational analyses.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3104-z
This study analyzes the influence of TiO2 and Al2O3 contents on the microstructure of CaO–SiO2–MgO–xwt%Al2O3–ywt%TiO2 (14 ≤ x ≤ 22, 0 ≤ y ≤ 10) blast furnace slag systems based on the change of slag viscosity, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics. The Raman spectroscopy results indicate that an increase in TiO2 content leads to the gradual depolymerization of complex silicate structures ( and ) into simpler structures ( and ) in the slag. At the same time, the Al–O–Al bonds in the aluminate structures of the slag also depolymerize into simpler Al–O− forms, resulting in a decrease in the degree of polymerization of both silicates and aluminates. In contrast, an increase in Al2O3 content generally results in an increased degree of polymerization for the silicates and aluminates. Molecular dynamics simulations of the polymerization and depolymerization processes in the microstructure of the blast furnace slag reveal that Si and Al mainly exist in tetrahedral [SiO4]4− and [AlO4]4−, while Ti mainly exists in the form of simple pentacoordinate [TiO5]6− and hexacoordinate [TiO6]8−. TiO2 exhibits basic properties in this system, whereas Al2O3 demonstrates acidic behavior. The addition of TiO2 introduces free oxide ions into the system, causing the bridging oxygens to break into non-bridging oxygens, leading to the depolymerization of complex structures and , which simplifies the slag structure. On the other hand, an increase in Al2O3 content tends to capture or share the oxide ions within the system to form [AlO4]4−, resulting in the polymerization of free oxygens into non-bridging oxygens, which further polymerize into bridging oxygens and lead to the consolidation of simple structures and , resulting in a more complex slag structure. Both Raman spectroscopy analysis and molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that the degree of polymerization of [SiO4]4− and [AlO4]4− in the slag network structure is a crucial factor determining the fluidity of the slag.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01583-2
The rapid development of communication technology and high-frequency electronic devices has created a need for more advanced electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. In response to this demand, a study has been conducted to develop multifunctional carbon nanofibers (CNFs)/polyaniline (PANI) aerogels with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding, flame retardancy, and thermal insulation performance. The process involved freeze-drying of electrospun CNFs and PANI nanoparticles followed by in situ growth PANI to coat the CNFs, creating the core–shell structured CNFs/PANI composite fiber and its hybrid aerogels (CP-3@PANI). The interaction between PANI and aniline (ANI) provides attachment sites, allowing additional ANI adsorption into the aerogel for in situ polymerization. This results in PANI uniformly covering the surface of the CNFs, creating a core–shell composite fiber with a flexible CNF core and PANI shell. This process enhances the utilization rate of the ANI monomer and increases the PANI content loaded onto the aerogel. Additionally, effective connections are established between the CNFs, forming a stable, conductive three-dimensional network structure. The prepared CP-3@PANI aerogels exhibit excellent EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of 85.4 dB and specific EMI SE (SE d−1) of 791.2 dB cm3 g⁻1 in the X-band. Due to the synergistic flame-retardant effect of CNFs, PANI, and the dopant (phytic acid), the CP-3@PANI aerogels demonstrate outstanding flame-retardant and thermal insulation properties, with a peak heat release rate (PHRR) as low as 7.8 W g⁻1 and a total heat release of only 0.58 kJ g⁻1. This study provides an effective strategy for preparing multifunctional integrated EMI shielding materials.