Carbon Nanofiber/Polyaniline Composite Aerogel with Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, Low Thermal Conductivity, and Extremely Low Heat Release

• Achieved ultrahigh EMI shielding efficiency of 85.4 dB and specific SE of 791.2 dB cm3 g⁻1 in the X-band. • Demonstrated excellent flame retardancy with PHRR reduced by 65.8% and total heat release of only 0.58 kJ g⁻1. • Exhibited low thermal conductivity of 0.104 W m⁻1 K⁻1, providing effective thermal insulation. • Developed a core–shell structured CNF/PANI aerogel via seed polymerization, enhancing conductive network stability and PANI loading.