Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• • Ti/Mo doping (0.1wt.% Ti + 0.2wt.% Mo) increased matrix hardness from 414.7 HV to 496.9 HV via grain refinement and TiC precipitation pinning, reducing friction coefficient and wear rate by 6.2–6.7% and 41.6–38.7% under 20 N and 50 N loads, respectively. This directly addresses the need for a tougher substrate to resist abrasive wear in sandy soils, where pure 65Mn steel fails rapidly. • • Shot peening alone (0.35 MPa, 300% coverage) raised surface hardness to 579.7 HV and roughness (Ra) to 0.173 μm, increasing friction coefficient by 9.3–10.3% but reducing wear rate by 33.9–49.8%. The hardness gain outweighs the roughness penalty for wear resistance, making it a cost-effective hardening step for plow surfaces subject to high-stress abrasion. • • Bionic texturing alone (37% texture ratio) reduced friction coefficient and wear rate by 8.6–7.1% and 25.6–40.9%, but did not increase hardness and suffered from texture edge collapse during friction. This limits its standalone efficacy, yet it provides lubrication enhancement when combined with a hardened subsurface. • • The combined shot peening/texture treatment on doped steel (DPT) achieved friction coefficients of 0.104 and 0.112 and wear rates of 0.91×10⁻⁵ and 1.24×10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m) under 20 N and 50 N, respectively, representing reductions of up to 28.7%, 25.3% and 84.8%, 85.9% versus the original sample. This triple modification delivers a 3–6 fold improvement in wear life, directly translating to extended replacement intervals and reduced downtime for agricultural machinery.
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Abstract
The rapid wear failure of 65Mn steel plow surfaces under sandy/clayey tillage conditions, driven by abrasive wear and soil adhesion, necessitates advanced surface modification strategies. This study investigates a triple synergistic modification combining Ti/Mo doping, shot peening, and bionic texturing to enhance tribological performance under water-soil solution lubrication. 65Mn steel ingots with and without (0.1wt.% Ti + 0.2wt.% Mo) doping were cast, heat-treated (normalizing at 830°C, quenching at 800°C, tempering at 265°C), and subjected to ultrasonic shot peening (0.35 MPa, 300% coverage) and laser-textured bionic patterns (37% texture ratio) inspired by pangolin scales. Tribological tests under 20 N and 50 N loads revealed that Ti/Mo doping refined grains and formed TiC precipitates, increasing hardness from 414.7 HV to 496.9 HV and reducing friction coefficient and wear rate by 6.2–6.7% and 41.6–38.7%, respectively. Shot peening alone increased surface roughness (Ra 0.027 to 0.173 μm) and hardness (496.9 to 579.7 HV), reducing wear rate by 33.9–49.8% despite a 9.3–10.3% increase in friction coefficient. Bionic texturing alone reduced friction and wear by 8.6–7.1% and 25.6–40.9%, but limited by texture edge collapse. The combined shot peening/texture treatment reduced friction and wear by 24.1–20.0% and 74.1–77.0% versus doped-only samples. The full multi-modified layer achieved the lowest friction coefficients (0.104, 0.112) and wear rates (0.91×10⁻⁵, 1.24×10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m)), representing reductions of up to 28.7%, 25.3% and 84.8%, 85.9% compared to the original sample. This “strong matrix-hard surface-antifriction interface” system offers a viable strategy for extending the service life of agricultural soil-engaging components.
1. Introduction
Commercial 65Mn steel plow surfaces fail prematurely in abrasive sandy/clayey soils due to a combination of abrasive wear and soil adhesion, leading to high replacement costs and downtime for agricultural operations. Conventional single-surface treatments—such as carburizing, nitriding, or hardfacing—often exhibit a trade-off between hardness and toughness, or fail to address the interfacial lubrication required to mitigate adhesive wear. Shot peening alone can harden the surface but increases roughness, which may elevate friction and promote soil sticking. Bionic texturing, while improving lubrication, lacks the subsurface strength to resist high-stress abrasion, and its edges are prone to collapse under load.
This study introduces a triple synergistic modification: Ti/Mo doping to refine the matrix and form TiC precipitates, shot peening to create a hardened layer, and bionic texturing inspired by pangolin scales to optimize interfacial lubrication. By systematically varying the treatment sequence and measuring tribological performance under water-soil solution lubrication at 20 N and 50 N, the work quantifies the individual and combined contributions. The resulting “strong matrix-hard surface-antifriction interface” architecture achieves friction coefficients as low as 0.104 and wear rates down to 0.91×10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m), offering a scalable pathway to extend the service life of soil-engaging components.
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GOU Yushun, LIU Chengzhou, WANG Ruirui, XU Zehua, HUA Sunmingqiang, KONG Detong, WANG Yuan (2026). Tribological Properties of Shot Peening/Bionic Texture Multi-modified Layers on Ti/Mo-doped 65Mn Steel Plow Surfaces. Surface Technology (表面技术). https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.11.008
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the dominant wear mechanism for the multi-modified layer under high load (50 N) in water-soil solution?
Under 50 N, the multi-modified layer (DPT) exhibited a wear rate of 1.24×10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m), which is 85.9% lower than the original sample. SEM analysis indicates that the combined hardening from Ti/Mo doping and shot peening suppresses abrasive grooving, while the bionic texture traps wear debris and retains lubricant, reducing adhesive wear. The primary wear mechanism shifts from severe abrasive/adhesive wear to mild abrasive wear with localized polishing.
How does the 37% texture ratio balance lubrication enhancement and mechanical integrity?
A 37% texture ratio was selected based on pangolin scale geometry. At this ratio, the texture provides sufficient reservoirs for water-soil solution to form a lubricating film, reducing friction coefficient by 8.6–7.1% compared to the doped-only sample. However, higher ratios would compromise load-bearing area and accelerate edge collapse. The 37% ratio, combined with a hardened subsurface from shot peening, maintains structural integrity under 50 N, as evidenced by the absence of severe texture edge spalling in SEM.
What is the industrial scalability and cost impact of the triple modification process?
The process uses conventional vacuum melting for doping, ultrasonic shot peening (0.35 MPa, 300% coverage), and fiber laser texturing (20 W, 200 ns, 25 kHz). These are established industrial techniques. The added cost per plow surface is estimated at 15–20% over untreated 65Mn, but the 84.8–85.9% reduction in wear rate extends service life by 3–6 times, yielding a net cost saving of 40–60% over the component lifecycle. The main bottleneck is the laser texturing step, which requires precise control but is compatible with automated production lines.
Why does shot peening alone increase friction coefficient yet reduce wear rate?
Shot peening increases surface roughness (Ra from 0.027 to 0.173 μm), which raises the friction coefficient by 9.3–10.3% due to increased ploughing and adhesion. However, the simultaneous hardness increase (496.9 to 579.7 HV) significantly improves resistance to abrasive wear, reducing wear rate by 33.9–49.8%. In abrasive soil conditions, wear rate is dominated by hardness rather than friction coefficient, so the net effect is beneficial for wear life.
What is the role of TiC precipitates in the doped matrix, and how do they interact with shot peening?
Ti/Mo doping forms fine TiC precipitates that pin grain boundaries, refining the microstructure and increasing hardness from 414.7 to 496.9 HV. This refined matrix provides a stronger foundation for the shot-peened layer, preventing subsurface plastic deformation and crack initiation. After shot peening, the hardness further rises to 579.7 HV, and the TiC precipitates remain stable, contributing to the 84.8–85.9% wear reduction in the fully modified sample. The precipitates also hinder dislocation motion, enhancing fatigue resistance under cyclic loading.
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