Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67067-7
Conventional ammonium sulfate leaching of ionic rare earth ores generates 4–6 t of ammonia-nitrogen wastewater per ton of rare earth and drives mining-area soil pH to 3.5–4.0, creating an acute environmental compliance risk. This study evaluates a low-ammonium synergistic lixiviant comprising 0.020 mol/L (NH4)2SO4 and 0.010 mol/L acetic acid (HAc) at pH 4–5, 30 °C, and 1 h contact time. Comparative leaching experiments establish a rare earth element (REE) leaching efficiency of 88.92%, a 13.36% absolute increase over single 0.020 mol/L (NH4)2SO4 leaching. To achieve the same ~90% efficiency benchmark, the conventional single-salt system requires 0.030 mol/L (NH4)2SO4; the synergistic system therefore reduces ammonium consumption by 33.3%. Surface characterization indicates a dual mechanism: H+ attenuates electrostatic interactions between RE3+ and silicate surfaces, enhancing NH4+–RE3+ exchange, while CH3COO− forms soluble RE3+/Al3+ complexes that prevent Al(OH)3 passivation and sustain surface reactivity. The protocol offers a directly deployable route to cut reagent cost and ammonia-nitrogen load without sacrificing recovery, addressing the principal bottleneck restraining sustainable ionic rare earth ore exploitation under China's dual-carbon and rare earth total-amount control policies.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.105
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a transformative technology enabling direct communication between the brain and external devices, offering unprecedented opportunities for restoring motor function in paralyzed individuals and enhancing human-computer interaction. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in BCI technology, focusing on neural signal acquisition, signal processing algorithms, and diverse applications. We systematically analyze invasive and non-invasive recording modalities, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocorticography (ECoG), and intracortical microelectrode arrays, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The review delves into state-of-the-art signal processing techniques, such as adaptive filtering, common spatial patterns, and deep learning-based classification, which have significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of BCI systems. Furthermore, we explore the expanding landscape of BCI applications, ranging from assistive communication and motor rehabilitation to cognitive enhancement and neurofeedback therapy. Critical challenges, including signal non-stationarity, user variability, and long-term stability, are discussed alongside emerging solutions such as hybrid BCI architectures and closed-loop adaptive systems. By integrating findings from recent studies and clinical trials, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the future of BCI technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and real-world clinical adoption. Our analysis underscores the potential of BCIs to revolutionize neurorehabilitation and human augmentation, while also addressing ethical and societal implications. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers seeking to understand the current state and future directions of brain-computer interface technology.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has revolutionized surgical practice by reducing patient trauma and recovery time. However, current robotic systems face limitations in dexterity, haptic feedback, and autonomous decision-making, particularly in complex anatomical environments. This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed to enhance surgical precision and autonomy. The system integrates a macro-scale robotic arm with a micro-scale continuum manipulator, enabling precise manipulation across different scales. A hierarchical control architecture combines model-based and learning-based approaches to achieve adaptive motion planning and real-time obstacle avoidance. The system also incorporates a multi-modal sensing framework that fuses visual, force, and proximity data to provide comprehensive situational awareness. Experimental validation in phantom and ex-vivo models demonstrates significant improvements in task completion time, accuracy, and consistency compared to conventional techniques. The system successfully performed complex tasks such as suturing and tissue dissection with reduced error rates. The results indicate that the proposed system can effectively enhance surgical performance, paving the way for more autonomous and intelligent surgical robots. Future work will focus on in-vivo trials and integration with augmented reality interfaces.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that profoundly influences disease progression and therapeutic response. In this study, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis of HCC using transcriptomic, genomic, and epigenetic data from public databases and our own cohort. We characterized the immune cell infiltration patterns and identified distinct TME subtypes associated with differential prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and machine learning, we constructed a prognostic signature based on TME-related genes, which robustly predicted overall survival in multiple independent cohorts. Furthermore, we explored the interplay between TME, somatic mutations, and copy number variations, revealing potential biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings highlight the clinical significance of TME heterogeneity in HCC and provide a foundation for personalized treatment strategies. The prognostic model and immune-related biomarkers may facilitate risk stratification and guide immunotherapeutic decisions in HCC patients.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058
This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed for autonomous surgical intervention in dynamic environments. The system integrates advanced perception, planning, and control algorithms to enable precise manipulation in minimally invasive procedures. Key contributions include a hierarchical control architecture, real-time adaptive trajectory planning, and a robust force feedback mechanism. Experimental validation in simulated and in-vivo settings demonstrates significant improvements in accuracy, safety, and operational efficiency compared to conventional methods. The proposed framework addresses critical challenges in surgical robotics, paving the way for broader clinical adoption.
Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Science) (上海交通大学学报)•2026•DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066
Background: Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising tool in precision oncology, yet its clinical utility remains underexplored. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study integrating multi-omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) from 1,200 cancer patients to construct digital twin models. Results: The digital twin models accurately predicted treatment responses (AUC=0.89) and identified novel biomarkers for early detection. Integration of multi-omics improved prognostic accuracy by 23% compared to single-omics approaches. Conclusions: Digital twin technology, when integrated with multi-omics data, significantly enhances precision oncology by enabling personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01997-6
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency, distinctive geometric, and electronic configurations. However, the efficacy of SACs remains limited for certain reactions requiring simultaneous activation of multiple reactants over metallic active sites. Herein, we report an atomically dispersed Pt1Ru1 dual-atom pair site anchored on nanodiamond@graphene (ND@G) for CO oxidation. The Pt1Ru1 dual-atom catalyst shows an exceptional turnover frequency (TOF) of 17.6 × 10−2 s−1 at significantly lower temperature (30 °C), achieving a tenfold increase in TOF compared to single-atom Pt1/ND@G catalyst (1.5 × 10−2 s−1) and surpassing to previously reported Pt-based catalysts under similar conditions. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining its activity for 40 h at 80 °C without significant deactivation. The superior catalytic performance of Pt-Ru dual-atom catalysts is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru atoms with enhanced metallicity for improving simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O2, and the tuning of conventional competitive reactant adsorption into a non-competitive pathway over dual-atom pair sites. The present work manifests the advantages of dual-atom pair sites in heterogeneous catalysis and paves the way for precise design of catalysts at the atomic scale.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01808-y
Micro-silicon (Si) anode that features high theoretical capacity and fine tap density is ideal for energy-dense lithium-ion batteries. However, the substantial localized mechanical strain caused by the large volume expansion often results in electrode disintegration and capacity loss. Herein, a microporous Si anode with the SiOx/C layer functionalized all-surface and high tap density (~0.65 g cm⁻3) is developed by the hydrolysis-driven strategy that avoids the common use of corrosive etchants and toxic siloxane reagents. The functionalized inner pore with superior structural stability can effectively alleviate the volume change and enhance the electrolyte contact. Simultaneously, the outer particle surface forms a continuous network that prevents electrolyte parasitic decomposition, disperses the interface stress of Si matrix and facilitates electron/ion transport. As a result, the micron-sized Si anode shows only ~9.94 GPa average stress at full lithiation state and delivers an impressive capacity of 901.1 mAh g⁻1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻1. It also performs excellent rate performance of 1123.0 mAh g⁻1 at 5 A g⁻1 and 850.4 at 8 A g⁻1, far exceeding most of reported literatures. Furthermore, when paired with a commercial LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, the pouch cell demonstrates high capacity and desirable cyclic performance.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01767-4
Manganese-based chalcogenides have significant potential as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity, abundant natural reserves, and environmental friendliness. However, their application is hindered by poor cycling stability, resulting from severe volume changes during cycling and slow reaction kinetics due to their complex crystal structure. Here, an efficient and straightforward strategy was employed to in-situ encapsulate single-phase porous nanocubic MnS0.5Se0.5 into carbon nanofibers using electrospinning and the hard template method, thus forming a necklace-like porous MnS0.5Se0.5-carbon nanofiber composite (MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF). The introduction of Se significantly impacts both the composition and microstructure of MnS0.5Se0.5, including lattice distortion that generates additional defects, optimization of chemical bonds, and a nano-spatially confined design. In situ/ex-situ characterization and density functional theory calculations verified that this MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF alleviates the volume expansion and facilitates the transfer of Na+/electron. As expected, MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF anode demonstrates excellent sodium storage performance, characterized by high initial Coulombic efficiency (90.8%), high-rate capability (370.5 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and long durability (over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1). The MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF //NVP@C full cell, assembled with MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3@C as cathode, exhibits a high energy density of 254 Wh kg−1 can be provided. This work presents a novel strategy to optimize the design of anode materials through structural engineering and Se substitution, while also elucidating the underlying reaction mechanisms.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01672-w
This review details the advancement in the development of V–Ti-based hydrogen storage materials for using in metal hydride (MH) tanks to supply hydrogen to fuel cells at relatively ambient temperatures and pressures. V–Ti-based solid solution alloys are excellent hydrogen storage materials among many metal hydrides due to their high reversible hydrogen storage capacity which is over 2 wt% at ambient temperature. The preparation methods, structure characteristics, improvement methods of hydrogen storage performance, and attenuation mechanism are systematically summarized and discussed. The relationships between hydrogen storage properties and alloy compositions as well as phase structures are discussed emphatically. For large-scale applications on MH tanks, it is necessary to develop low-cost and high-performance V–Ti-based solid solution alloys with high reversible hydrogen storage capacity, good cyclic durability, and excellent activation performance.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030011
The optical soliton characteristics of GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength integrated optical chips have broad application prospects in optoelectronic fields such as optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and gas environment monitoring. In the research of two-section integrated optical chips, more attention is paid to their passive mode-locked characteristics. The ability of its structure to generate stable soliton transmission has not yet been studied, which will limit its further application in high-performance near-mid infrared optoelectronic technology. In this paper, we design and prepare a GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength two-section integrated semiconductor laser chip structure, and test and analyze its related properties of soliton, including power−injection current−voltage (P−I−V), temperature and mode-locked characteristics. Experimental results show that the chip can achieve stable mode-locked operation at nearly ~2 μm wavelength and present the working characteristics of near optical soliton states and multi-peak optical soliton states. By comparing and analyzing the measured optical pulse sequence curve with the numerical fitting based on the pure fourth order soliton approximation solution, it is confirmed that the two-section integrated optical chip structure can generate stable transmission of multi-peak optical soliton. This provides a research direction for developing near-mid infrared mode-locked integrated optical chips with high-performance property of optical soliton.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-01)
Because of its high purity and excellent orientation, mesophase pitch is a superior precursor for high-performance carbon materials. However, the preparation of top-notch mesophase pitch faces challenges. Catalytic polycondensation at low temperatures is more favorable for synthesizing mesophase pitch, because it circumvents the high-temperature free radical reaction of other thermal polycondensation approaches. The reaction is gentle and can be easily controlled. It has the potential to significantly improve the yield of mesophase pitch and easily introduce naphthenic characteristics into the molecules, catalytic polycondensation is therefore a preferred method of synthesizing highly spinnable mesophase pitch. This review provides a synopsis of the selective pretreatment of the raw materials to prepare different mesophase pitches, and explains the reaction mechanism and associated research advances for different catalytic systems in recent years. Finally, how to manufacture high-quality mesophase pitch by using a catalyst-promoter system is summarized and proposed, which may provide a theoretical basis for the future design of high-quality pitch molecules.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66982-2
To exploit the combined strengthening effects of nanotwins and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in Cu matrix composites, the nanotwins with a width ranging from 3 to 30 nm were incorporated into the CNTs-reinforced Cu matrix composites using cryogenic rolling and optimizing the initial particle size of the raw Cu powders. The formation of nanotwins in the Cu matrix composite reinforced by only 0.2 wt.% CNTs is accompanied by the increased dislocation density and refined Cu grain size, resulting in much better strength−ductility synergy than the referenced composite without significant nanotwins formation. The analysis of strengthening and toughening mechanisms demonstrates that the strength increment mainly derives from grain refinement strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and nanotwin strengthening. The strength increment from the contribution of the nanotwins accounts for 19.9% of the overall strength increment for the composite. Meanwhile, the retention of good tensile ductility can be reasonably explained by the increased dislocation accommodation ability due to the formed nanotwins and the decreased induced dislocation proliferation.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030011
The optical soliton characteristics of GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength integrated optical chips have broad application prospects in optoelectronic fields such as optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and gas environment monitoring. In the research of two-section integrated optical chips, more attention is paid to their passive mode-locked characteristics. The ability of its structure to generate stable soliton transmission has not yet been studied, which will limit its further application in high-performance near-mid infrared optoelectronic technology. In this paper, we design and prepare a GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength two-section integrated semiconductor laser chip structure, and test and analyze its related properties of soliton, including power−injection current−voltage (P−I−V), temperature and mode-locked characteristics. Experimental results show that the chip can achieve stable mode-locked operation at nearly ~2 μm wavelength and present the working characteristics of near optical soliton states and multi-peak optical soliton states. By comparing and analyzing the measured optical pulse sequence curve with the numerical fitting based on the pure fourth order soliton approximation solution, it is confirmed that the two-section integrated optical chip structure can generate stable transmission of multi-peak optical soliton. This provides a research direction for developing near-mid infrared mode-locked integrated optical chips with high-performance property of optical soliton.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.009
Rapid and accurate recognition of coal and rock is an important prerequisite for safe and efficient coal mining. In this paper, a novel coal-rock recognition method is proposed based on fusing laser point cloud and images, named Multi-Modal Frustum PointNet (MMFP). Firstly, MobileNetV3 is used as the backbone network of Mask R-CNN to reduce the network parameters and compress the model volume. The dilated convolutional block attention mechanism (Dilated CBAM) and inception structure are combined with MobileNetV3 to further enhance the detection accuracy. Subsequently, the 2D target candidate box is calculated through the improved Mask R-CNN, and the frustum point cloud in the 2D target candidate box is extracted to reduce the calculation scale and spatial search range. Then, the self-attention PointNet is constructed to segment the fused point cloud within the frustum range, and the bounding box regression network is used to predict the bounding box parameters. Finally, an experimental platform of shearer coal wall cutting is established, and multiple comparative experiments are conducted. Experimental results indicate that the proposed coal-rock recognition method is superior to other advanced models.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3093-y
To satisfy the demand for low-cost and long-range electric vehicles by the market, the commercialization of ultrahigh nickel cathode materials with high specific capacity and a wide electrochemical window is expected to facilitate the development of lithium-ion batteries. However, residual lithium compounds with a strong alkalinity cause difficulty in cathode preparation and indirectly affect the cycling stability of the cathode during cycling. Given the inevitability of the formation of residual alkali, a lithium-borate coating with an adjustable thickness was selected by controlling the formation of residual alkali. An additional lithium source was added to the synthesis process and converted into a thicker and more complete coating structure, which rendered the cathode with better cycle stability. As a result, the percentage of peak area of lithium carbonate on the surface-modified cathode surface exhibited a considerable decrease from 38.07% to 28.26%. The etching results show the formation of a uniform coating layer after boric acid treatment. The initial capacity of the treated cathode was 214.6 mAh·g−1 owing to the favorable effect of the surface coating, and the capacity retention raised from 59.35% to 90.75% and from 63.81% to 91.94% after cycling at 0.5 and 1 C current densities, respectively. The boric acid coating-modified strategy proposed in this paper considerably ameliorates the cycling stabilization of cathodes and provides superior commercial application value for ultrahigh nickel cathode materials.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01274-y
Intelligent manufacturing (IM), a driving force behind the fourth industrial revolution, is reshaping the manufacturing sector by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. Despite the rapid technological advancements in IM, comprehensive bibliometric reviews remain limited. This article systematically reviews the latest research in IM, addressing emerging hotspots, key technologies, and their applications across the entire product manufacturing cycle. Bibliometric analysis is employed to identify research trends visualize publication volume, collaboration patterns, research domains, co-citations, and emerging areas of interest. The article then examines key technologies supporting IM, including sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), digital twins, and virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR). Furthermore, it explores the application of these technologies throughout the manufacturing cycle—from intelligent reliability design, material transportation and tracking, to intelligent planning and scheduling, machining and fabrication, monitoring and maintenance, quality inspection and control, warehousing and management, and sustainable green manufacturing—through specific case studies. Lastly, the article discusses future research directions, highlighting the increasing global market and the need for enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, technological integration, computing power upgrades, and attention to security and privacy in IM. This study provides valuable insights for scholars and serves as a guide for future research and strategic investment decisions, offering a comprehensive view of the IM field.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01286-8
This study aims to develop an accurate calculation model of transmission torque and load-bearing capacity for hydro-viscous clutches (HVC) used in high-power vehicles, which is important to investigate the step-less speed regulation characteristics in a fan drive system. However, most of the existing models ignore the distribution differences of groove area along the radial direction, which may lead to significant deviations in calculating the mechanical property of friction pairs related to operating conditions and the engagement process. To fill this gap, a new calculation model for bearing capacity and frictional torque of friction pairs with different oil grooves is proposed, in which the traditional fixed contact area ratio coefficient for oil groove measurement is replaced by a more precise discrete micro-ring area ratio (DMAR) integration method. Then, a 32-degree-of-freedoms dynamic model of HVC at a fan drive system is established for the prediction of dynamic responses during speed regulation. Results show that friction pairs with different oil grooves have a direct influence on frictional torque and bearing capacity through the change of DMAR along the radial direction. The friction pairs with different groove structures have oscillation phenomena at the engagement steady-state boundary. Furthermore, a step-less speed regulation experimental setup is established to verify the correctness of the proposed model. It is demonstrated that the axial engagement force and the speed regulation curve predicted by the proposed method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results could effectively predict the engagement dynamic characteristics. The numerical relationship among the structure parameters, the mechanical properties of friction pairs, and the speed regulation characteristics of the system are established through the proposed model, which lays a theoretical foundation for the structure design of friction plates and optimization of step-less speed regulation performance.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01227-5
Thermosyphon loops are widely used in cooling systems. However, such distributed thermal management systems lack the ability to actively control the coolant flow in each parallel branch. An effective method for addressing this is to control the coolant flow in each branch using a solenoid valve. However, the existing valves do not satisfy the requirements for fast switching, low power, low pressure loss, and miniaturization. Therefore, in this study, a low-power-consumption miniature solenoid valve (LMSV) is proposed for use in thermal management systems. The key novelty is that the valve is designed with a suitably sized permanent magnet (PM) to allow the spool to continue working without consuming electrical energy. To achieve low flow resistance, a straight-through design is employed in the valve with the electromagnetic actuator located inside the valve shell. Multiphysical coupling analysis is performed to investigate its performance. The influence of the PM dimensions and current on the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic force is studied. The effects of these key parameters on the flow field and pressure loss are also analyzed. Because the LMSV is sensitive to temperature, the switching time and energy consumption at different working temperatures are investigated. Experimental test platforms are constructed. A valve switching time of as short as 3 ms, pressure loss of 200 Pa at 0.92 L/min, and energy consumption of approximately 1.55 J during the opening and closing processes are achieved. The novel solenoid valve proposed in this study offers fast switching, low power consumption, low pressure loss, and miniaturization to meet the requirements of thermal management systems.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3191-x
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on α-phase FAPbI3 (α-FAPbI3) microcrystals precursor outperform those with δ-phase microcrystals due to their superior crystallinity and fewer defects, making α-phase microcrystals precursor more advantageous for high-performance PSCs. However, most reported synthesis methods of perovskite microcrystals, especially for aqueous synthesis, fail to reach the energy threshold required for α-phase transformation and therefore exhibit the δ phase. In this study, we introduce a novel aqueous synthesis method to fabricate α-FAPbI3 microcrystals. Our approach overcomes the energy barrier by properly heating the reaction system, enabling the direct formation of α-FAPbI3 in water. This direct one-step aqueous synthesis route yields α-FAPbI3 microcrystals with superior phase purity, crystallinity, and minimal defect density. Combined with green anti-solvent, the high-quality α-FAPbI3 microcrystals serving as exceptional precursors endow perovskite films with reduced nonradiative recombination. The PSC achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.43%, which is one of the highest PCE reports for using the green anti-solvent in ambient air condition. This aqueous synthesis approach shows a significant potential for scalable production of high-performance PSCs.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3004-7
The effective reuse of iron phosphate residue (IPR) is the key issue in the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries. Therefore, in this study, the reduction leaching of IPR in H2SO4 solution by adding iron powder as reducing agent was investigated and compared with direct leaching. The results show that the leaching rate of IPR reached 97% under the optimum reduction leaching conditions. Kinetic studies show that the activation energy for reduction leaching is 12.71 kJ/mol, while that of direct leaching is 21.57 kJ/mol. Moreover, the reduction leaching time is reduced by half and the acid consumption is reduced by 30% compared to direct leaching with the same leaching rate. This work provides a scientific guidance to the treatment of iron phosphate residue from the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2975-8
Weathering steel exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and is widely used in bridges, towers, railways, highways, and other engineering projects that are exposed to the atmosphere for long periods of time. However, before the formation of stable rust layers, weathering steel is prone to liquid rust sagging and spattering, leading to environmental pollution and city appearance concerns. These factors limit the application and development of weathering steel. In this study, a rapid and environmentally friendly method was developed by introducing alloying elements, specifically investigating the role of Sn in the rapid stabilization of rust layers in marine atmospheric environments. The rust layer formed on weathering low-alloy steel exposed to prolonged outdoor conditions and laboratory immersion experiments was explored using electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), micro-Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical measurements. Results showed an optimal synergistic effect between Sn and Cr, which facilitated the accelerated densification of the rust layer. This beneficial effect enhanced the capability of the rust layer to resist Cl− erosion and improved the protection performance of the rust layer.