Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.08.003
The high-temperature water vapor corrosion behavior of MCrAlY/8YSZ thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was investigated to address the premature failure of bond coats in hydrogen-blended gas turbine environments. Four MCrAlY bond coats with distinct compositions and microstructures were deposited on MM247 substrates via high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), followed by APS-deposited 8YSZ ceramic top coats. Corrosion tests were conducted at 1050 °C for 100 h under water vapor contents of 0 vol.%, 45 vol.%, and 80 vol.%. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed a dual-layer oxide scale consisting of spinel oxides and Al2O3 on all samples. The Al2O3 layer exhibited a continuous, dense microstructure, whereas the spinel oxide grew unevenly with internal porosity. Increasing water vapor content from 0% to 45% and then to 80% progressively elevated the spinel oxide fraction, accelerating bond coat degradation. HVOF-sprayed bond coats, characterized by dense lamellar interfaces, effectively suppressed inward penetration of corrosive species and outward diffusion of metal ions, yielding significantly lower spinel content than APS-sprayed counterparts. The addition of Ta promoted rapid formation of a stable Al2O3 scale and inhibited outward diffusion of other metal cations, with the NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat producing the lowest spinel oxide content and superior protection. These findings indicate that dense bond coat microstructures and Ta alloying are critical for extending TBC service life in high-humidity or hydrogen-blended combustion environments.
Surface Technology (表面技术)•2026•DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.12.005
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings on magnesium alloys exhibit inherent micro-pores and micro-cracks that serve as corrosive pathways, limiting long-term corrosion and wear resistance. This study fabricates a polyimide (PI)/CeO2 composite coating to seal MAO defects and enhance protective performance. CeO2 particles were dispersed in a polyimide solution and applied to MAO-treated surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electrochemical testing, salt spray testing, and friction-wear testing characterized microstructure, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. Microstructural analysis shows the PI layer completely fills MAO pores, forming a dense, smooth, hydrophobic surface with contact angles of (114.6±4.2)° and (110.1±3.3)°. Electrochemical tests reveal the MAO/PI-CeO2 coating exhibits the most positive corrosion potential and lowest corrosion current density in 3.5 wt.% NaCl, far superior to single MAO and MAO/PI coatings. Salt spray testing confirms only slight local corrosion after 40 days, demonstrating excellent long-term stability. CeO2 doping densifies the PI matrix; dissolved Ce3+/Ce4+ reacts with OH– to form precipitates that seal micro-defects and inhibit cathodic reactions. The introduction of CeO2 reduces wear depth and width, significantly enhancing wear resistance. PI provides self-lubrication, while CeO2 enhances load-bearing capacity and structural integrity, reducing plastic deformation during sliding contact. The composite coating successfully seals MAO defects and significantly improves long-term corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and hydrophobicity of MAO-coated magnesium alloys.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02002-w
The rapid proliferation of microelectronics, coupled with the advent of the internet of things (IoT) era, has created an urgent demand for miniaturized, integrable, and reliable on-chip energy storage systems. All-solid-state thin-film microbatteries (TFMBs), distinguished by their intrinsic safety, compact design, and compatibility with microfabrication techniques, have emerged as promising candidates to power next-generation IoT devices. Nevertheless, in contrast to the well-established development of conventional lithium-ion batteries, the advancement of TFMBs remains at an early stage, facing persistent challenges in materials innovation, interface optimization, and scalable manufacturing. This review critically examines the pivotal role of vapor deposition technologies, including magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, thermal/electron-beam evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition, in the fabrication and performance modulation of TFMBs. We systematically summarize recent progress in thin-film electrodes and solid-state electrolytes, with particular emphasis on how deposition parameters dictate crystallinity, lattice orientation, and ionic transport in functional layers. Furthermore, we highlight strategies for solid–solid interface engineering, three-dimensional structural design, and multifunctional integration to enhance capacity retention, cycling stability, and interfacial compatibility. Looking ahead, TFMBs are expected to evolve toward multifunctional platforms, exhibiting mechanical flexibility, optical transparency, and hybrid energy-harvesting compatibility, thereby meeting the heterogeneous energy requirements of future IoT ecosystems. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on vapor-phase-enabled TFMB technologies, delivering both theoretical insights and technological guidelines for the scalable realization of high-performance microscale power sources.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01655-x
The past decade has witnessed the rapid increasement in power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, serious ion migration hampers their operational stability. Although dopants composed of varied cations and anions are introduced into perovskite to suppress ion migration, the impact of cations or anions is not individually explored, which hinders the evaluation of different cations and further application of doping strategy. Here we report that a special group of sulfonic anions (like CF3SO3−) successfully introduce alkaline earth ions (like Ca2+) into perovskite lattice compared to its halide counterparts. Furthermore, with effective crystallization regulation and defect passivation of sulfonic anions, perovskite with Ca(CF3SO3)2 shows reduced PbI2 residue and metallic Pb0 defects; thereby, corresponding PSCs show an enhanced PCE of 24.95%. Finally by comparing the properties of perovskite with Ca(CF3SO3)2 and FACF3SO3, we found that doped Ca2+ significantly suppressed halide migration with an activation energy of 1.246 eV which accounts for the improved operational stability of Ca(CF3SO3)2-doped PSCs, while no obvious impact of Ca2+ on trap density is observed. Combining the benefits of cations and anions, this study presents an effective method to decouple the effects of cations and anions and fabricate efficient and stable PSCs.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020033
To optimize turn on velocity of the SiC LIMS, we proposed a new structure for the LIMS that incorporates an optimized n+ layer and a multi-light triggered electrode design for the anode. The chip size is 5.5 mm × 5.5 mm in dimension. The experiment results indicate that the saturation laser energy required to trigger the prepared SiC LIMS has been decreased from 1.8 mJ to 40 μJ, with the forward blocking voltage of the prepared SiC LIMSs capable of withstanding over 7000 V. The leakage current is about 0.3 μA at room temperature, and the output current density achieves 4.25 kA/cm2 (with di/dt larger than 20 kA/μs).
Ship Mechanics (船舶力学)•2025•DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.004
Currently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has approved and implemented the assessment requirement for Minimum Propulsion Power (MPP) of ships in adverse sea conditions. The assessment method and relevant influence factors will have a vital impact on ship's design and operation. On the other hand, MPP is essentially a criterion for manoeuvring safety at actual seas. However, the practical assessment methods adopted in IMO guidelines do not directly and accurately account for ship's course-keeping ability in severe seas. A time-domain comprehensive method with supplementary course-keeping ability criteria has been proposed in the authors' preliminary research. Based on an updated mathematical model and criteria, this paper presents more detailed elaborations, results and discussions on the time-domain method, including the comparative analyses with a power line method and two steady-state equilibrium methods based on IMO guidelines and draft. Discussions on the influences of key factors, involving criterion conditions and calculation parameters, are also presented. The results indicate that different methods exhibit varying advantages and complexity in MPP assessment, thus constituting a multi-level assessment framework for MPP. In particular, the time-domain comprehensive assessment has a higher accuracy with more realistic description of manoeuvre behaviors, capable of offering a solution for the ships that cannot meet other assessments, or for the assessment requiring additional course-keeping ability. Furthermore, an expanded range of wave direction sets a stricter but potentially necessary requirement, while using the self-propulsion factors at low speeds can eliminate the unnecessary conservation of assessment result caused by those at design speed.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6141-x
The suspension gap is a critical operational parameter for high-speed maglev trains and significantly impacts their aerodynamic performance. Based on an engineering prototype of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) pinning maglev train, this study established a detailed three-dimensional model, and then the aerodynamic characteristics of the HTS maglev train at 600 km/h with suspension gaps of 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm were simulated based on the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) turbulence model and SST k- ω two-equation. The results demonstrated that the underbody design of the HTS maglev train leads to unique aerodynamic drag and aerothermal distribution phenomena. The head car experiences the smallest drag, while the tail car experiences the largest. The aerothermal temperature on the train's bottom surface progressively increases from the head to the tail. Additionally, the U-shaped track significantly constrains the flow around the train body, forming strong vortex structures. As the suspension gap increases from 10 mm to 30 mm, the airflow velocity in the train-track gap rises, reducing the underbody pressure and decreasing the lift of the head car by 12.43%. The drag of the head car increases by 10.98%, primarily due to changes in pressure drag. Additionally, the temperature at the underbody of the tail car rises further due to significant airflow deceleration. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing the engineering design and application of the high-speed HTS maglev technology.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3071-9
Indigenous microbial communities were employed after subculture in stirred and column bioleaching experiments involving ion-adsorption type rare earth ore. The microbial eukaryotic communities exhibited dramatically varying diversity and structure across culture compositions. Compared with Czapek and sucrose medium, the community cultured in a nutrient broth (NB) medium had a higher diversity, and it was mainly composed of Zygosaccharomyces, Ustilago, Kodamaea, Malassezia, and Aspergillus. These microorganisms secrete organic acids, such as citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, and itaconic acid, which provide effective coordination electrons through hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Stirred bioleaching experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of community, inoculum dosage, liquid–solid ratio, and time on the leaching efficiency. Stirred bioleaching resulted in a concentration limitation phenomenon. When the inoculum dosage of the community cultured in NB medium was 70vol%, the liquid–solid ratio was 5.0 mL·g−1, and the time was 60 min, the upward trend of rare earths leaching rate has become very small. Specifically, the leaching rates of detectable La, Ce, and Y were approximately 92.49%, 92.42%, and 94.39%, respectively. The leaching efficiency and the three influencing factors all conformed to the Poly5 polynomial function, with variances above 0.99. Column bioleaching experiments were performed at a scale of 1 kg. The self-propelled low-pH environment increased the leaching efficiency, which resulted in a leaching rate of 98.88% for rare earths after 117 h. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the samples mainly comprised quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, muscovite, and zeolite, which were predominantly present in the form of lumps, flakes, rods, and small particles. After bioleaching, the wave intensity of quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, and muscovite increased, and that of zeolite decreased considerably. A diminution in the number of fine particles indicated the dissolution of small quantities of clay minerals. Ultimately, the differentiated bioleaching mechanism of various forms of rare earths was discussed based on experimental phenomena.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2943-3
Fe–Ga sheets with large magnetostriction are required for improving the conversion efficiency under the ultra-high frequency magnetic field. Trace Tb element doping can simultaneously improve the magnetostriction and ductility of Fe–Ga alloy. However, the impact of trace Tb doping on the microstructure and magnetostriction of Fe–Ga thin sheets is an open question. In this paper, the effects of trace Tb addition on the secondary recrystallization and magnetostriction of Fe–Ga thin sheets are systematically studied by comparing the characteristics evolution of precipitation, texture, and nanoinclusions. The results indicate that trace Tb addition accelerates the secondary recrystallization of Goss texture due to the combined action of the bimodal size distributed precipitates, smaller grains, and more HEGBs in primary recrystallization. After quenching at 900°C, the magnetostriction value in 0.07at%Tb-doped Fe81Ga19 thin sheets increases by 30% to that of Fe81Ga19 thin sheets. The increase in magnetostriction is attributed to the decrease in the number of Tb-rich precipitates and the higher density of the nanometer-sized modified-D03 inclusions induced by the dissolving of trace Tb elements after quenching. These results demonstrate a simple and efficient approach for preparing Fe–Ga thin sheets with a large magnetostrictive coefficient by a combination of trace RE element addition and conventional rolling method.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2963-z
The microstructural evolution of a cold-rolled and intercritical annealed medium-Mn steel (Fe–0.10C–5Mn) was investigated during uniaxial tensile testing. In-situ observations under scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted to characterize the progressive transformation-induced plasticity process and associated fracture initiation mechanisms. These findings were discussed with the local strain measurements via digital image correlation. The results indicated that Lüders band formation in the steel was limited to 1.5% strain, which was mainly due to the early-stage martensitic phase transformation of a very small amount of the less stable large-sized retained austenite (RA), which led to localized stress concentrations and strain hardening and further retardation of yielding. The small-sized RA exhibited high stability and progressively transformed into martensite and contributed to a stably extended Portevin–Le Chatelier effect. The volume fraction of RA gradually decreased from 26.8% to 8.2% prior to fracture. In the late deformation stage, fracture initiation primarily occurred at the austenite/martensite and ferrite/martensite interfaces and the ferrite phase.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01607-x
The metal–carbon dioxide batteries, emerging as high-energy–density energy storage devices, enable direct CO2 utilization, offering promising prospects for CO2 capture and utilization, energy conversion, and storage. However, the electrochemical performance of M-CO2 batteries faces significant challenges, particularly at extreme temperatures. Issues such as high overpotential, poor charge reversibility, and cycling capacity decay arise from complex reaction interfaces, sluggish oxidation kinetics, inefficient catalysts, dendrite growth, and unstable electrolytes. Despite significant advancements at room temperature, limited research has focused on the performance of M-CO2 batteries across a wide-temperature range. This review examines the effects of low and high temperatures on M-CO2 battery components and their reaction mechanism, as well as the advancements made in extending operational ranges from room temperature to extremely low and high temperatures. It discusses strategies to enhance electrochemical performance at extreme temperatures and outlines opportunities, challenges, and future directions for the development of M-CO2 batteries.