Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials (含能材料) | SinoTechIntel Research Archive

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Vol 34 • 5 Vol 34 • 7

Published Research Papers

Showing 6 of 6 peer-reviewed papers with full Graphical Abstracts.

Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026001• Jan 15, 2026

Blasting Failure Characteristics of Rock Specimens under In-Hole Layered Column Charge

Authors: CHENG Bing, YE Fu, WANG Quan, CHENG Yangfan, ZONG Qi, XU Ying, WANG Mengxiang, LI Junhao

To improve rock fragmentation in open-pit deep-hole blasting, an in-hole layered column charge configuration was designed. Small-scale blasting tests on sandstone specimens were conducted under continuous and layered column charges to capture the failure process and final fragmentation. DEM-PBM coupled simulations visualized the dynamic fracture evolution and validated the experimental observations. Results show that under continuous charge, the top quarter of the specimen developed only a single blast-induced crack, splitting it into two parts, with horizontal fragment velocity of 2.0 m·s⁻¹ and a maximum block size of 9.0 cm. In contrast, layered charge produced multiple cracks in the top quarter, fragmenting it into smaller pieces, increasing horizontal velocity to 7.0 m·s⁻¹, and eliminating blocks larger than 5.0 cm. Simulations confirmed these trends, with maximum block size reduced from 8.8 cm to below 5.0 cm and velocity reaching 6.8 m·s⁻¹, closely matching experiments. Field trials in an open-pit coal mine overburden blasting demonstrated that layered charge reduced the boulder yield from 48.1% to 5.6%, significantly improving fragmentation. The findings confirm the practical effectiveness of in-hole layered column charge in enhancing rock breakage in deep-hole bench blasting.

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Blasting Failure Characteristics of Rock Specimens under In-Hole Layered Column Charge

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026118• Jan 15, 2026

Review on Ship Structural Damage and Protection Subjected to Underwater Contact Explosions

Authors: MING Furen, JIN Yuenan, ZHANG Bowen, ZHU Shipeng, JIANG Ruihan, ZHANG Nu, ZHANG Aman

Underwater contact explosions from torpedoes and mines pose severe threats to ship survivability. The coupled effects of shock waves, bubbles, and secondary fragments induce complex structural damage. This review first analyzes the load characteristics of underwater contact explosions, detailing the spatial-temporal evolution of shock waves, bubbles, and secondary fragments. Subsequently, it examines protective mechanisms from two perspectives: multi-cabin structural protection and composite structure/material protection, focusing on damage suppression and energy dissipation. Finally, key technical challenges are summarized to guide future research. The review highlights that shock waves cause initial indentation and perforation of the outer plate, while bubble pulsation and collapse jets dominate subsequent large deformation and tearing of bulkheads. Experimental studies show that stiffened plates exhibit significant strain growth during bubble pulsation, potentially exceeding shock wave effects. Multi-cabin designs, such as liquid-filled compartments, effectively mitigate damage through energy absorption and impedance mismatch. Composite materials offer enhanced blast resistance but face scalability issues. The paper underscores the need for high-fidelity numerical methods and experimental validation to resolve controversies regarding dominant damage mechanisms. This work provides a comprehensive reference for advancing ship structural protection against underwater contact explosions.

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Review on Ship Structural Damage and Protection Subjected to Underwater Contact Explosions

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026012• Jan 15, 2026

Reaction-Growth Behavior of Energetic Materials under Mass-Inertial Confinement

Authors: ZHOU Fu-kang, YANG Xiao-yuan, SHANG Hai-lin, PAN Chuan-yu, LI Jin-he, LI Tao

To investigate the reaction-growth behavior of propellants and polymer-bonded explosives (PBX) after non-shock ignition under mass-inertial confinement, a thick-walled cylinder experimental setup was constructed. The setup provided strong radial structural confinement and incorporated a large mass block with a mass ratio exceeding 45:1 relative to the energetic material. Laser ignition (250 W) was used to initiate reactions, and multiple photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) probes simultaneously measured radial expansion velocity of the cylinder and axial velocity of the mass block top. High-speed photography and recovered debris analysis were employed to compare reaction evolution processes. Results show that mass-inertial confinement enhances pressure buildup during the early reaction phase, but the type of energetic material determines reaction-growth characteristics and violence under identical confinement. For the composite propellant (containing AP, aluminum, RDX, and energetic binder), mass-inertial confinement dominated early pressurization; the system exhibited axial mass block acceleration without yielding of the thick-walled cylinder. Maximum reaction pressure was below 50 MPa, reaction fraction was less than 1%, and nearly all propellant was recovered, indicating a burning reaction. For the PBX (containing HMX and CL-20), early pressurization was jointly influenced by mass-inertial and structural confinement; the cylinder underwent yielding and radial expansion, and the mass block showed local upsetting deformation. Maximum reaction pressure reached 2 GPa, reaction fraction exceeded 50%, and no explosive was recovered, indicating a violent explosion. These findings provide insights into non-shock ignition reaction-growth mechanisms and safety design of structural charges.

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Reaction-Growth Behavior of Energetic Materials under Mass-Inertial Confinement

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026054• Jan 15, 2026

Solubility and Thermodynamic Properties of β-HMX in Dimethyl Sulfoxide–Alcohol Binary Solvent Mixtures

Authors: HE Yan, WU Hao, ZHAI Lian-jie, CAI Rong-bin, XU Cheng, HU Jian-jian, HUANG Jun-rui, ZHAO Xue

The solubility of β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (β-HMX) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–methanol, DMSO–ethanol, and DMSO–n-propanol binary solvent mixtures was measured using a static method over the temperature range of 293.15–343.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The mole fraction of alcohol in the mixed solvent was varied from 0 to 1. The experimental solubility data were correlated with the Apelblat, Jouyban–Acree, and NRTL models. The Apelblat model provided the best fit, with an average relative deviation (ARD) below 5% and a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) below 0.11%. Thermodynamic properties, including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of dissolution, were derived from the NRTL model. The dissolution process was endothermic, entropy-driven, and spontaneous in all three solvent systems. Solid-phase characterization by PXRD and DSC confirmed that no polymorphic transition of β-HMX occurred under the experimental conditions. Solvent composition stability tests showed that the maximum relative change in solubility due to composition fluctuation was less than 6.3%, corresponding to an equivalent temperature variation of 1.4–2.7 K. These data provide a foundation for optimizing anti-solvent crystallization processes for β-HMX.

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Solubility and Thermodynamic Properties of β-HMX in Dimethyl Sulfoxide–Alcohol Binary Solvent Mixtures

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026123• Jan 15, 2026

Prediction of Cylindrical Deformation Response Subjected to Underwater Explosion Based on a PointNet Conditional Diffusion Model

Authors: LU Xi, CHE Jingping, BAI Fan, LIU De

To predict the full-field deformation damage of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells subjected to underwater explosion loads, a method combining a PointNet conditional diffusion model, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm, graph neural network (GNN) residual correction, and spatial interpolation is proposed for point cloud displacement field prediction and deformation reconstruction. A dataset of cylindrical shell deformation responses was generated via numerical simulation, and a prediction model was trained to predict three-dimensional deformation displacements and reconstruct complete surface deformation contours under varying charge masses, standoff distances, and time instants. Error evaluation on the validation set yielded a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0077 mm², root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.0877 mm, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0548 mm, and coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9858, indicating high displacement prediction accuracy. The reconstructed results effectively capture the deformation history and final overall deformation of the cylindrical shell. This method provides a reference for underwater platform explosion damage prediction and assessment.

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Prediction of Cylindrical Deformation Response Subjected to Underwater Explosion Based on a PointNet Conditional Diffusion Model

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026125• Jan 15, 2026

Physiological Damage Effects of Underwater Explosion Shock Waves on Cyphastrea japonica

Authors: TAO Chen, LI Huiyu, WANG Xin, TANG Dan, SU Changwang, QIU Zhangsheng, TANG Tao, LIN Mingqing

Underwater blasting is indispensable for marine engineering, yet its shock waves can damage reef-building corals. This study investigated the physiological damage to Cyphastrea japonica holobiont from underwater explosion shock waves, examining coral host, symbiotic zooxanthellae, and microbiota. The coral's tolerance threshold was 6.74 MPa. Protein content decreased with increasing shock wave intensity, with a maximum reduction of 59.6%. At 11.01 MPa, zooxanthellae density dropped by 87% and photosynthetic rate by 49%, causing significant bleaching. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities significantly decreased, indicating impaired antioxidant defense. Microbial community diversity at the phylum level increased significantly, and genus-level structure became more complex. The study reveals a stepwise damage pathway from host to zooxanthellae photosynthesis to microbial community, providing scientific basis for coral protection during marine blasting.

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Physiological Damage Effects of Underwater Explosion Shock Waves on Cyphastrea japonica

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