Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67065-3
Polycrystalline LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathodes undergo intergranular cracking and structural collapse during extended cycling, limiting their commercial viability. This study reports single-crystalline NCM811 synthesized via a rapid ethanol–water solvothermal method. The solvothermal duration was varied, and the 60 min sample (NCM-60) exhibited optimal electrochemical performance. X-ray diffractometry confirmed an α-NaFeO2 structure with R-3m space group and high crystallinity. NCM-60 delivered a reversible capacity of 157.28 mA·h/g at 1C and a capacity retention of 55.06% after 200 cycles, significantly outperforming polycrystalline NCM (PC-NCM). Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy revealed no apparent cracks in NCM-60 after 200 cycles, whereas PC-NCM exhibited severe intergranular fracture. The results demonstrate that shortening solvothermal time reduces precursor particle size and crystallinity, but 60 min yields the best balance. Pre-oxidation of the carbonate precursor before lithiation is recommended to mitigate CO2 evolution and lithium–nickel disorder during high-temperature sintering. This rapid solvothermal route offers a scalable pathway to single-crystal NCM811 with enhanced cycling stability and mechanical integrity.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(26)67056-2
A coupled three-dimensional cellular automata (CA) model was employed to predict hydrogen porosity in Al−Si alloy castings as a function of thermal boundary conditions. Simulations quantified porosity distribution across cooling rates from 0.25 to 50 °C/s at an initial hydrogen content of 3.0×10−3 mL/g, generating a comprehensive porosity defect database. Four machine learning algorithms—support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and gradient boosting machine (GBM)—were trained and compared for each porosity characteristic to identify the optimal model. For porosity percentage prediction, the KNN model achieved a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.94, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.035, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.022 on the test set. Experimental validation via optical microscopy confirmed that average equivalent porosity diameter and porosity percentage predictions fell within 20% error. The model demonstrates superior performance compared to single nonlinear function fits and other simulation approaches, offering a pathway to reduce simulation time while enhancing prediction accuracy for porosity size distribution in large casting components. The database and coupled CA-ML framework provide a robust tool for mapping porosity defects in industrial Al−Si castings, addressing a critical need for reliable quality control in automotive and aerospace applications.
Nano-Micro Letters•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01975-y
Methods allowing passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) to be carried out in an energy-efficient and scalable way are potentially important for various disciplines. Here, we report a sustainable strategy for scalable-designed and color-regulating PDRC coating based on high-crystallinity photonic metamaterial (crystallinity: 71.5%; enhanced assembly efficiency: 72%), that is derived from the as-prepared 55 wt% solid content poly(methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid) P(MMA-BA-MAA) monodispersed latexes (approaching theoretical limit: 59 wt%). Robust meter-scale PDRC coatings are constructed by various industrial modes onto diverse surfaces, addressing bottlenecks like dull appearance, high cost, low efficiency, and hard construction. Notably, the solar reflectance, long-wave infrared emittance, and calculated theoretical cooling power of the designed PDRC coating, respectively, reach ~0.94, ~0.97, and ~95.5 W m−2 under solar radiation, which can achieve an average 5.3 °C sub-ambient daytime temperature drop in the summer in Nanjing. The cooling performance, scale preparation, and cost-effectiveness of the PDRC coating have extended into leading position compared with those of state-of-the-art designs. This work provides promising route to reduce carbon emissions and energy consumption for global sustainability.
Journal of Central South University•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6187-4
With the dramatic accumulation of the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries, their recycling is attracting extensive attention worldwide. To address the problem of low lithium recovery in the current typical hydrometallurgy recovery process, this research uses sodium bisulfate as an auxiliary roasting reagent to extract lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries through sulphation roasting, which can enhance the lithium recovery rate significantly. A systematic study of the sulphation roasting process and the mechanisms was carried out with experiments, thermodynamic calculations, and characterization of the roasted sample phases. The results showed that at a roasting temperature of 600 °C, NaHSO4·H2O/spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode powders (S-NCM) mass ratio of 1.2, and roasting time of 60 min, 95% selective dissolution of lithium was acquired, while the leaching rates of Ni, Co, and Mn were confined under 1%. During roasting, the NCM layered structure collapses and the lithium is transformed into the LiNaSO4 phase, while the transition metals transform into Ni6MnO8 and MnCo2O4 phases. The removal of impurity ions from the lithium-rich leaching solution and the generation of Li2CO3 were achieved by a combination of thermodynamic calculations and experiments.
Nano-Micro Letters (纳微快报)•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01895-x
Co3S4 electrocatalysts with mixed valences of Co ions and excellent structural stability possess favorable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, yet challenges remain in fabricating rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) due to their poor OER performance, resulting from poor electrical conductivity and overly strong intermediate adsorption. In this work, fancy double heterojunctions on 1T/2H-MoS2@Co3S4 (1T/2H-MCS) were constructed derived from the charge donation from Co to Mo ions, thus inducing the phase transformation of MoS2 from 2H to 1T. The unique features of these double heterojunctions endow the 1T/2H-MCS with complementary catalysis during charging and discharging processes. It is worth noting that 1T-MoS2@Co3S4 could provide fast Co–S–Mo electron transport channels to promote ORR/OER kinetics, and 2H-MoS2@Co3S4 contributed to enabling moderate eg orbital occupancy when adsorbed with oxygen-containing intermediates. On the basis, the Li2O2 nucleation route was changed to solution and surface dual pathways, improving reversible deposition and decomposition kinetics. As a result, 1T/2H-MCS cathodes exhibit an improved electrocatalytic performance compared with those of Co3S4 and MoS2 cathodes. This innovative heterostructure design provides a reliable strategy to construct efficient transition metal sulfide catalysts by improving electrical conductivity and modulating adsorption toward oxygenated intermediates for LOBs.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01807-z
Text mining has emerged as a powerful strategy for extracting domain knowledge structure from large amounts of text data. To date, most text mining methods are restricted to specific literature information, resulting in incomplete knowledge graphs. Here, we report a method that combines citation analysis with topic modeling to describe the hidden development patterns in the history of science. Leveraging this method, we construct a knowledge graph in the field of Raman spectroscopy. The traditional Latent Dirichlet Allocation model is chosen as the baseline model for comparison to validate the performance of our model. Our method improves the topic coherence with a minimum growth rate of 100% compared to the traditional text mining method. It outperforms the traditional text mining method on the diversity, and its growth rate ranges from 0 to 126%. The results show the effectiveness of rule-based tokenizer we designed in solving the word tokenizer problem caused by entity naming rules in the field of chemistry. It is versatile in revealing the distribution of topics, establishing the similarity and inheritance relationships, and identifying the important moments in the history of Raman spectroscopy. Our work provides a comprehensive tool for the science of science research and promises to offer new insights into the historical survey and development forecast of a research field.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01773-6
Crystallographic engineering of Zn anodes to favor the exposure of (002) planes is an effective approach for improving stability in aqueous electrolytes. However, achieving non-epitaxial electrodeposition with a pronounced (002) texture and maintaining this orientation during extended cycling remains challenging. This study questions the prevailing notion that a single (002)-textured Zn anode inherently ensures superior stability, showing that such anodes cannot sustain their texture in ZnSO4 electrolytes. We then introduced a novel electrolyte additive, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC), which preserves the (002) texture over prolonged cycling. Furthermore, we successfully converted commercial Zn foils into highly crystalline (002)-textured Zn without any pretreatment. Experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that the cationic TEBA+ selectively adsorbs onto the anode surface, promoting the exposure of the Zn(002) plane and suppressing dendrite formation. A critical discovery was the pitting corrosion caused by chloride ions from TEBAC, which we mitigated by anion substitution. This modification leads to a remarkable lifespan of 375 days for the Zn||Zn symmetric cells at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, a TEBA+-modified Zn||VO2 full cell demonstrates high specific capacity and robust cycle stability at 10.0 A g−1. These results provide valuable insights and strategies for developing long-life Zn ion batteries.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01755-8
Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics. In this work, we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique, which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the post-sulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films. This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO2/Pt thin-film photocathode, achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen (HC-STH) conversion efficiency of 9.91%. Additionally, the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density (Jph) of 29.44 mA cm−2 (at 0 VRHE) and favorable onset potential (Von) of 0.73 VRHE. Furthermore, our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 mA cm−2 and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56% in natural seawater, followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20% in a CZTS-BiVO4 tandem cell. The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm2 module, highlighting its significant potential for practical, unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01697-1
The transition to renewable energy sources has elevated the importance of SIBs (SIBs) as cost-effective alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage. This review examines the mechanisms of gas generation in SIBs, identifying sources from cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolytes, which pose safety risks like swelling, leakage, and explosions. Gases such as CO2, H2, and O2 primarily arise from the instability of cathode materials, side reactions between electrode and electrolyte, and electrolyte decomposition under high temperatures or voltages. Enhanced mitigation strategies, encompassing electrolyte design, buffer layer construction, and electrode material optimization, are deliberated upon. Accordingly, subsequent research endeavors should prioritize long-term high-precision gas detection to bolster the safety and performance of SIBs, thereby fortifying their commercial viability and furnishing dependable solutions for large-scale energy storage and electric vehicles.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-07)
Conventional lignin-based carbons typically have sluggish ion transport and a limited number of active sites, which restrict their performance as electrodes in supercapacitors. A Moiré-like morphology was engineered by the in-situ deposition of lignin carbon onto DVD matrix onto lignin carbon for the fabrication of a photo-assisted supercapacitor (PASC). The Moiré-like structure modulates light propagation across different frequencies by dispersion effects, thereby increasing surface light absorption and improving the electrochemical performance of the PASC. Under illumination, the carbon has a specific capacitance of 253.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, corresponding to a 35.6% improvement over one without this grating surface (186.9 F g−1). A symmetrical capacitor using this material has an areal capacitance of 58.84 mF cm−2 and an energy density of 4.46 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 365.2 W kg−1, maintaining 85.2% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles, thus demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This work suggests a cost-effective strategy to simultaneously improve the light-harvesting ability and capacitive performance of PASCs.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66926-3
The bending collapse and energy absorption of 7003 aluminum alloy bumper beams under four aging conditions (pre-aging, under-aging, peak-aging, and over-aging) were investigated through three-point bending tests. Microstructural characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the Swift−Hockett−Sherby constitutive model combined with the Gurson−Tvergaard−Needleman damage model, the plastic response and fracture behavior of the 7003 aluminum alloy under uniaxial tension and three-point bending were accurately predicted. The results showed that the peak bending force of the beams was proportional to the strength under different aging states, while stress triaxiality governed the cracking failure. Pre-aged and under-aged beams resisted cracking until reaching 250 mm displacement due to stress transition from tensile to compression on the bottom surface. The under-aged beam exhibited optimal energy absorption (7.86 kJ) and a higher peak force (38.75 kN).
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030012
In recent years, research advancements have highlighted the critical role of the A-site cation in determining the optoelectronic and physicochemical properties of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites. Mixed-cation perovskites (MCPs) have been extensively used as absorber thin films in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCE) over 26%. The incorporation of mixed cations has led to a more optimal tolerance factor for the crystal structure, enhancing structural stability and providing additional functionalities to improve the chemical stability of the absorber thin films. However, mixed-cation perovskite absorbers often experience element and phase segregation, which can reduce device efficiency and operational lifespan. This segregation is a widespread phenomenon observed across various types of MCPs, whether in 2D or 3D structures. Therefore, understanding the fundamental causes of non-uniformity and phase segregation, as well as effective nanoscale regulatory strategies, is essential for enhancing the performance of PSCs. The development of high-quality MCPs with highly uniform cation distribution and stable phases is critical for addressing the stability challenges in PSCs.
Journal of Semiconductors (半导体学报 - 中国科学院半导体研究所)•2025•DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040012
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have become promising optoelectronic materials due to their long carrier lifetimes and high mobility. However, the presence of defects and ion migration in MHPs results in high and unstable dark currents, which compromise the stability and detection performance of MHP-based optoelectronic devices. Interfacial engineering has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce defect density in MHPs and suppress ion migration. Given the compatibility of silicon (Si) and MHP processing technologies, coupled with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the approach, the integration of MHPs onto Si surfaces has become a prominent area of research. This integration not only enhances device performance but also expands their practical applications. This review provides an overview of the integration technologies for Si and single crystal MHPs, evaluates the advantages and limitations of various integration schemes (including inverse temperature crystallization, vacuum-assisted vapor deposition, and anti-solvent vapor-assisted crystallization), and explores the practical applications of Si/MHP-integrated optoelectronic devices with different structures. These optimized devices exhibit outstanding performance in X-ray detection, multi-wavelength photodetection, and circularly polarized light detection. This review provides a systematic reference for technological innovation and application expansion of Si/MHP-integrated devices.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering•2025•DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01191-0
The development of chassis active safety control technology has improved vehicle stability under extreme conditions. However, its cross-system and multi-functional characteristics make the controller difficult to achieve cooperative goals. In addition, the chassis system, which has high complexity, numerous subsystems, and strong coupling, will also lead to low computing efficiency and poor control effect of the controller. Therefore, this paper proposes a scenario-driven hybrid distributed model predictive control algorithm with variable control topology. This algorithm divides multiple stability regions based on the vehicle's β −γ phase plane, forming a mapping relationship between the control structure and the vehicle's state. A control input fusion mechanism within the transition domain is designed to mitigate the problems of system state oscillation and control input jitter caused by switching control structures. Then, a distributed state-space equation with state coupling and input coupling characteristics is constructed, and a weighted local agent cost function in quadratic programming is derived. Through cost coupling, local agents can coordinate global performance goals. Finally, through Simulink/CarSim joint simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test, the proposed algorithm is validated to improve vehicle stability while ensuring trajectory tracking accuracy and has good applicability for multi-objective coordinated control. This paper combines the advantages of distributed MPC and decentralized MPC, achieving a balance between approximating the global optimal results and the solution's efficiency.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6100-6
In this study, AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were processed by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique called forging-bending repeated deformation (FBRD). The effect on the microstructure and microhardness of AZ31 Mg alloy through FBRD was investigated with increasing temperature treatment and a 90° cross route. The results reveal that the effective strain increases with the number of passes. The flow uniformity is effectively enhanced due to alterations in shear deformation direction. After four passes of deformation, the average grain size is refined by 79.3% compared to the initial specimen. The grain refinement mechanism predominantly originates from the synergistic effects of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), and twinning-induced recrystallization (TDRX). The formation of {1012} extension twins (ET) significantly contributes to coarse grain subdivision and plastic deformation coordinated. Furthermore, pyramidal <c+a> slip activation effectively enhances the plasticity of Mg alloys. By post four-pass processing, the alloy exhibits a microhardness of 81.9HV, primarily governed by fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanisms.
Journal of Central South University•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6043-y
The phase transformation of galena in H2SO4 −Fe2(SO4)3 system under oxygen pressure was investigated. Results indicated that the critical conditions for the phase transformation of galena into lead jarosite (Pb-J) were 130 ℃, 30 g/L H2SO4, 15 g/L Fe3+, and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.4 MPa. Furthermore, increased Fe3+ concentration and oxygen partial pressure did not enhance jarosite formation. Conversely, lowering the temperature and increasing the H2SO4 concentration facilitated PbSO4 formation and inhibited its further conversion to Pb-J. Additionally, the effects of potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and high concentrations of zinc sulfate on the phase transformation of galena were examined through leaching tests, XRD, SEM-EDS, and FT-IR analyses. All three sulfates inhibited the conversion of galena to Pb-J. Among these, potassium sulfate prevented Pb-J formation and converted it more thoroughly into potassium jarosite. However, high concentrations of zinc sulfate facilitated the crystallization of both PbSO4 and Pb-J, which altered the morphology of the product. Zinc ions coprecipitated with Pb-J, thereby integrating into the product.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3021-6
A series of high-entropy ceramics with the nominal composition (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) has been successfully synthesized using the conventional solid-phase method. The (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 ceramics are confirmed to be composed of the main phase (Zn,Mg,Li)TiO3 and the secondary phase Ca0.5Sr0.5TiO3 by X-ray diffractometer, Rietveld refinement, and X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The quality factor (Q×f) of the samples is inversely proportional to the content of the Ca0.5Sr0.5TiO3 phase, and it is influenced by the density. The secondary phase and molecular polarizability (αT) have a significant impact on the dielectric constant (εr) of the samples. Moreover, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of the samples is determined by the distortion of [TiO6] octahedra and the secondary phase. The results indicate that (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 ceramics achieve ideal microwave dielectric properties (εr = 17.6, Q×f = 40900 GHz, τf = −8.6 ppm/°C) when x = 0.35. (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 ceramics possess the potential for application in wireless communication, and a new approach has been provided to enhance the performance of microwave dielectric ceramics.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3115-9
In order to avoid poor machinability caused by excessive hardness under high-silicon conditions in the traditional free-cutting graphited steel, it is important to develop a suitable silicon-saving, aluminum-containing free-cutting steel. This study investigated the microstructure and graphite precipitation behavior of Fe–0.58C–1.0Al (wt%) steels with varying silicon contents (0.55wt%–2.67wt%) after tempering at different temperatures (680°C, 715°C). The tempering structure and the precipitation behavior of graphite and Fe3C in Fe–0.58C–1.0Al steels were systematically studied by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and electron microprobe analyzer (EPMA). The results showed that, at both tempering temperatures, the microstructure of 0.55wt% Si steel is ferrite + granular Fe3C, and the microstructures of 1.38wt%–2.67wt% Si steels are ferrite + petaloid graphite + granular Fe3C. With increasing Si content from 1.38wt% to 2.67wt% at constant tempering temperature, the number density of graphite particles increases, though their average size decreases. Meanwhile, the number density and average size of Fe3C in experimental steels continuously decrease with the increase of Si content. For 0.55wt% Si steel without graphite precipitation, increasing tempering temperature promotes the accumulation and growth of Fe3C. For 1.38wt%–2.67wt% Si steels with graphite precipitation, higher tempering temperature promotes graphite particles growth while accelerating the decomposition and refinement of Fe3C. Furthermore, compared with the experimental steels containing 0.55wt% Si, 1.38wt% Si, and 2.67wt% Si, the 1.89wt% Si steel exhibits significantly lower hardness. Especially, when tempered at 715°C, Fe–0.58C–1.0Al steel with 1.89wt% Si exhibits enhanced graphitization behavior and reduced hardness, which is nearly HV 20 lower than previously reported Fe–0.55C–2.33Si steel.
Int. Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials (矿物冶金与材料学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3004-7
The effective reuse of iron phosphate residue (IPR) is the key issue in the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries. Therefore, in this study, the reduction leaching of IPR in H2SO4 solution by adding iron powder as reducing agent was investigated and compared with direct leaching. The results show that the leaching rate of IPR reached 97% under the optimum reduction leaching conditions. Kinetic studies show that the activation energy for reduction leaching is 12.71 kJ/mol, while that of direct leaching is 21.57 kJ/mol. Moreover, the reduction leaching time is reduced by half and the acid consumption is reduced by 30% compared to direct leaching with the same leaching rate. This work provides a scientific guidance to the treatment of iron phosphate residue from the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries.