Academic Research Journal•2026•DOI: 10.26599/NR.2026.94908756
Black phosphorus (BP)-based micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are promising for wearable electronics but suffer from intrinsic instability and sluggish electron kinetics. Here, we report a two-dimensional phosphorene/bismuthene (2D BP/Bi) heterojunction fabricated via liquid nitrogen-assisted exfoliation and mask-assisted filtration, serving as a robust bifunctional electrode for integrated flexible energy-sensing systems. The heterostructure suppresses nanosheet restacking and enhances interfacial stability through strong P–O–Bi covalent bonding and interfacial synergy. Bismuthene incorporation constructs high-speed electron transport channels, facilitating ion diffusion and charge transfer. The optimized BP/Bi (3:1) electrode achieves a high areal capacitance of 7.6 mF·cm−2 (1.6-fold enhancement over pure BP) and ultra-long lifespan with 92.1% retention after 30,000 cycles. By tailoring the gel electrolyte with DMSO, the device exhibits remarkable freeze-tolerance, maintaining 70% capacitance at −35 °C. An all-flexible integrated system combining the MSC with a pressure sensor using graphene current collectors enables continuous, self-sustained physiological monitoring. This work offers critical insights into interface engineering for high-performance BP-based MSCs and paves the way for extreme-environment wearable applications.
Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials (含能材料)•2026•DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025272
Reactive damage elements (RDEs) integrate kinetic penetration with chemical energy release, offering a dual-mode damage mechanism. This review systematically examines the state-of-the-art in RDE reaction mechanisms, penetration-reaction coupled damage models, numerical simulation methods, and dynamic loading experiments. Two-stage reaction mechanisms—shock-induced and shock-assisted—are elaborated, along with thermo-mechanical-chemical coupling theory and reaction threshold regulation. Penetration depth and hole-enlargement models, aftereffect overpressure and ignition models, fragment cloud distribution and damage radius models are summarized. Advances in reactive material equations of state, SPH-ALE multi-physics coupling algorithms, and cross-scale modeling methods are consolidated, alongside multi-physics synchronous testing and target damage assessment systems. Key findings include: Al-Ni-W systems achieve densities up to 7.8 g·cm⁻³ and tensile strengths exceeding 300 MPa, maintaining structural integrity at 2000 m·s⁻¹. PTFE/Al formulations exhibit shock-induced reactions in nanoseconds, while shock-assisted reactions occur over microseconds to milliseconds, with oxide additives like MoO₃ lowering reaction thresholds and enhancing energy release. Future directions emphasize precise reaction degree control via cross-scale models, universal damage assessment under extreme environments, and field testing using characteristic spectra and electromagnetic pulses. This review provides a comprehensive framework for advancing RDE technology in munitions and protective applications.
New Carbon Materials (新型炭材料)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-6-3)
The typical method for preparing the porous carbon used in supercapacitors (SCs) is time-consuming and energy-intensive. We report a fast and efficient route to synthesize and tailor the structure of porous carbon by a Joule heating technique (JHT) using phenolic resin and precursors. During the JHT process, the time and energy needed are both significantly reduced because the precursor is heated to the target temperature at a rate of 1100 K/s, so the porous carbon is formed with the release of small molecules and the etching of the substrate by K2CO3. JHT has a higher energy efficiency than traditional carbonization methods in a tube furnace and allows for precise control of the pyrolysis process, thus achieving better control of the material's structure and properties. Samples obtained by JHT contain abundant pores and a large specific surface area (1652.7 m2/g), which give an excellent specific capacitance of 476.0 F/g and rate capability (75.1% capacitance retention at 64.0 A/g in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte). Furthermore, in electrolytes of 17.0 mol/kg NaClO4 (water-in-salt) and 1.0 mol/L TEABF4/AN, the symmetric SCs have a maximum energy density of 33.3 and 50.8 Wh/kg at power densities of 220.4 and 376.4 W/kg, respectively. The cells also have good long-term stability, with a nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency, and a capacitance retention of 93.1% in a water-in-salt electrolyte after 10000 cycles, and 88.9% in an organic electrolyte after 8000 cycles. This study shows that JHT has the potential to serve as an ultra-fast method to prepare porous carbons for energy storage.
Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (中国有色金属学报)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67033-6
The phase composition at the slag−iron interface and the distribution behavior of titanium, vanadium, chromium and silicon between hot metal and Ti-bearing electric furnace slag were thoroughly explored. The basicity range for the anosovite phase region was defined by using a phase diagram and a minimum smelting temperature was set at 1540 °C. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that the activities of TiO2 and SiO2 in the slag decrease with increasing basicity, while those of V2O3 and Cr2O3 increase. Similarly, the activities of [Ti] and [Si] in the molten metal decrease, while those of [V] and [Cr] rise with increasing basicity. As basicity increases, the distribution ratios, LTi and LSi decrease, whereas LV and LCr increase. Significantly, the recovery efficiencies of vanadium and titanium are improved with higher basicity. The primary phases identified in the slag include anosovite, diopside, and titanium spinel. However, when the basicity exceeds 0.8, the formation of the perovskite phase becomes less favorable, suggesting that basicity should be maintained at or below 0.8.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.006
Understanding the anchorage performance of en-echelon joints under cyclic shear loading is crucial for optimizing support strategies in jointed rock masses. This study examines the anchorage effects on en-echelon joints with various orientations using laboratory cyclic shear tests. By comparing unbolted and bolted en-echelon joints, we analyze shear zone damage, shear properties, dilatancy, energy absorption, and acoustic emission characteristics to evaluate anchoring effects across shear cycles and joint orientations. Results reveal that bolted en-echelon joints experience more severe shear zone damage after cycles, with bolt deformation correlating to shear zone width. Bolted en-echelon joints exhibit faster shear strength deterioration and higher cumulative strength loss compared to unbolted ones, with losses ranging from 20.04% to 72.76%. The compressibility of en-echelon joints reduces the anchoring effect during shear cycles, leading to lower shear strength of bolted en-echelon joints in later stages of shear cycles compared to unbolted ones. Bolts reinforce en-echelon joints more effectively at non-positive angles, with the best performance observed at 0° and –60°. Anchorage accelerates the transition from rolling friction to sliding friction in the shear zone, enhancing energy absorption, which is crucial for rock projects under dynamic shear loading. Additionally, rock bolts expedite the transition of the cumulative AE hits and cumulative AE energy curves from rapid to steady growth, indicating that strong bolt-rock interactions accelerate crack initiation, propagation, and energy release.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.003
In cold regions, slope rocks are inevitably impacted by freeze-thaw, dry-wet cycles and their alternating actions, leading to strength weakening and pore degradation. In this study, the mechanical and microstructural properties of schist subjected to four conditions were investigated: freeze-thaw cycles in air (FTA), freeze-thaw cycles in water (FTW), dry-wet cycles (DW), and dry-wet-freeze-thaw cycles (DWFT). Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), water absorption, ultrasonication, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy analyses were conducted. The integrity attenuation characteristics of the longitudinal wave velocity, UCS, and elastic modulus were analyzed. The results showed that liquid water emerged as a critical factor in reducing the brittleness of schist. The attenuation function model accurately described the peak stress and static elastic modulus of schist in various media (R2>0.97). Different media affected the schist deterioration and half-life, with the FTW-immersed samples having a half-life of 28 cycles. Furthermore, the longitudinal wave velocity decreased as the number of cycles increased, with the FTW showing the most significant reduction and having the shortest half-life of 208 cycles. Moreover, the damage variables of compressive strength and elastic modulus increased with the number of cycles. After 40 cycles, the schist exposed to FTW exhibited the highest damage variables and saturated water content.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2025•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.015
Temperature is one of the main causes of spontaneous coal combustion. To improve the flame retardant performance, CaCl2, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and calcium phosphate (CaHP) were compounded to control the temperature response of different stages of coal spontaneous combustion through physical and chemical synergy. Simultaneous thermal analysis, thermogravimetric-Fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), in-situ FTIR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were used to study the multi-temperature stage synergistic inhibition of coal spontaneous combustion. The results show that the proposed method is effective. By obtaining the characteristics of the spontaneous combustion reaction stage of coal in advance, the method of configuring an appropriate composite inhibitor can effectively realize the intelligent control of the temperature response of coal spontaneous combustion. The ignition point of long-flame coal increased by 37.15 °C. The inhibition rate of the gas phase products was more than 20%, and the inhibition rate of the functional groups was more than 30%. It has a good quenching effect on free radicals and can effectively inhibit the oxidation activity of active free radicals such as H, HO, and O. The results provide experimental and theoretical support for the study of temperature-responsive composite flame retardants for coal with different metamorphic degrees.
Nano-Micro Letters•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01494-2
Research efforts on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials. These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight, porous, and hierarchical. Due to their porous nature, interfacial compatibility, and electrical conductivity, biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials. Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported, this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials. In particular, a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment, preparation process, and micro-control would be valuable. The preparation methods and characteristics of wood, bamboo, cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper, and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed. The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed. this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.
Int. Journal of Mining Science and Technology (采矿与安全工程)•2024•DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.010
The deformation energy (Wd) of soil-like tectonic coal is crucial for investigating the mechanism of coal and gas outbursts. Tectonic coal has a significant nonlinear constitutive relationship, which makes traditional elastic-based models for computing Wd unsuitable. Inspired by critical state soil mechanics, this study theoretically established a new calculation model of Wd suitable for the coal with nonlinear deformation characteristics. In the new model, the relationship between energy and stress no longer follows the square law (observed in traditional linear elastic models) but exhibits a power function, with the theoretical value of the power exponent ranging between 1 and 2. Hydrostatic cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on four groups of tectonic coal samples and one group of intact coal samples. The results indicated that the relationship between Wd and stress for both intact and tectonic coal follows a power law. The exponents for intact and tectonic coal are close to 2 and 1, respectively. The stress-strain curve of intact coal exhibits small deformation and linear characteristics, whereas the stress-strain curves of tectonic coal show large deformation and nonlinear characteristics. The study specifically investigates the role of coal viscosity in the cyclic loading/unloading process. The downward bending in the unloading curves can be attributed to the time-dependent characteristics of coal, particularly its viscoelastic behavior. Based on experimental statistics, the calculation model of Wd was further simplified. The simplified model involves only one unknown parameter, which is the power exponent between Wd and stress. The measured Wd of the coal samples increases with the number of load cycles. This phenomenon is attributed to coal’s viscoelastic deformation. Within the same stress, the Wd of tectonic coal is an order of magnitude greater than that of intact coal. The calculation model of Wd proposed in this paper provides a new tool for studying the energy principle of coal and gas outbursts.