Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• • The 3# dislocation-type regular hexagonal texture achieved a mass wear rate of 0.0823 mg/min, only 20.1% of the untextured substrate's 0.4084 mg/min, representing an 79.9% reduction in material loss. This directly extends component service life in defense and aerospace moving assemblies where AF1410 is specified. • • The 2# dislocation groove texture reduced wear rate to 42.8% of baseline (0.1748 mg/min), while the 1# simple groove texture achieved 82.7% (0.3377 mg/min). The non-linear dislocation arrangement outperforms linear grooves by a factor of 2.1 in wear reduction, validating stress dispersion and debris entrapment as primary functional mechanisms. • • All textured surfaces exhibited ploughing cutting and abrasive wear as dominant mechanisms, with minor adhesive wear; oxidative wear was absent across all specimens. The untextured substrate showed severe plastic cutting and deep ploughing, indicating that texture-induced contact stress redistribution suppresses severe material removal modes. • • Texture density varied: 1# groove at ~66.7%, 2# dislocation groove at ~59.6%, and 3# hexagonal at a lower effective density. Despite lower density, the 3# hexagonal pattern delivered superior wear resistance, proving that geometric arrangement and dislocation architecture, not density alone, govern tribological performance under dry sliding.
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Abstract
Ultra-high strength steel AF1410 is widely used in moving components of advanced equipment due to its excellent strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. However, increasingly severe service conditions demand higher sliding wear resistance than traditional surface treatments can provide. This study employed ultrafast laser texturing to fabricate three distinct surface patterns on AF1410: groove texture (1#), dislocation groove texture (2#), and dislocation-type regular hexagonal texture (3#). Dry friction wear tests were conducted to evaluate mass wear rates and wear mechanisms. The mass wear rates of textured surfaces were 82.7%, 42.8%, and 20.1% of the untextured substrate, respectively. The 3# dislocation-type regular hexagonal texture exhibited the lowest wear rate (0.0823 mg/min) versus 0.4084 mg/min for the untextured substrate. Wear mechanisms for textured surfaces were dominated by ploughing cutting and abrasive wear with minor adhesive wear; no oxidative wear occurred. The untextured substrate suffered severe plastic cutting, deep ploughing, and mixed abrasive-adhesive wear. Dislocation arrangements improved stress distribution and debris storage. Texture morphology and distribution affect actual contact area, friction force dispersion, and debris retention capacity. The results demonstrate that dislocation-type regular hexagonal texturing offers the most significant enhancement in sliding wear resistance for AF1410 under the tested conditions.
1. Introduction
AF1410 ultra-high strength steel provides exceptional strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance, making it a specified material for moving components in advanced defense and aerospace equipment. As operational loads and service conditions intensify, the sliding wear resistance of AF1410 surfaces has become a critical bottleneck. Traditional surface processing methods—such as thermal spraying, chemical vapor deposition, and conventional laser surface melting—fail to deliver the required combination of low friction coefficient and high wear resistance without compromising substrate integrity or introducing thermal distortion. The absence of a scalable, precise surface engineering solution for AF1410 has stalled progress in extending component lifetimes under dry friction conditions.
This study addresses the bottleneck by applying ultrafast laser texturing to fabricate three distinct surface architectures on AF1410: a simple groove texture (1#), a dislocation groove texture (2#), and a dislocation-type regular hexagonal texture (3#). The experimental protocol systematically varies groove width (200 µm), depth (50 µm), and inter-groove spacing (100 µm) while introducing non-linear dislocation arrangements and hexagonal geometries. Dry friction wear tests quantify mass wear rates and identify wear mechanisms. The results establish that dislocation-type regular hexagonal texturing reduces mass wear rate to 20.1% of the untextured substrate, providing a validated surface engineering pathway for enhancing AF1410 component durability under severe sliding conditions.
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LI Shuqing, CONG Dalong, PENG Dong, YANG Bingdong, MA Guojia (2026). Effects of Three Types of Textures on Wear Resistance and Mechanisms of Ultra-high Strength Steel Surfaces. Surface Technology (表面技术). https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.11.010
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the quantitative wear rate reduction achieved by the dislocation-type regular hexagonal texture compared to the untextured AF1410 substrate?
The 3# dislocation-type regular hexagonal texture achieved a mass wear rate of 0.0823 mg/min, which is 20.1% of the untextured substrate's 0.4084 mg/min. This represents a 79.9% reduction in material loss under dry friction conditions.
Why did the dislocation-type groove texture (2#) outperform the simple groove texture (1#) despite similar groove dimensions?
The 2# dislocation groove texture reduced wear rate to 42.8% of baseline (0.1748 mg/min), while the 1# simple groove achieved only 82.7% (0.3377 mg/min). The non-linear, staggered arrangement in 2# promotes more uniform stress distribution and better debris entrapment, reducing ploughing severity and abrasive particle circulation.
What wear mechanisms were identified, and did oxidative wear occur under the tested dry friction conditions?
Wear mechanisms included ploughing cutting, abrasive wear, and minor adhesive wear. No oxidative wear occurred on any specimen, textured or untextured. The untextured substrate exhibited severe plastic cutting and deep ploughing, while textured surfaces showed shallower ploughing and fewer abrasive particles.
What role does texture density play in wear performance, and why did the 3# hexagonal texture with lower density outperform higher-density groove textures?
The 1# groove texture had ~66.7% density, 2# dislocation groove ~59.6%, and 3# hexagonal a lower effective density. Despite lower density, the 3# hexagonal pattern delivered the lowest wear rate (0.0823 mg/min). This indicates that geometric arrangement and dislocation architecture—specifically stress dispersion and debris storage capacity—govern tribological performance more than absolute texture density.
What are the limitations of this study regarding texture dimensions and their impact on industrial scalability?
The study explicitly notes that texture dimensions were selected within a limited range (groove width 200 µm, depth 50 µm, spacing 100 µm), and results are valid only within this parameter window. Industrial scalability requires further optimization of laser processing speed, texture uniformity over large areas, and cost parity against legacy surface treatments, which were not addressed in this experimental protocol.
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