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Published Research PapersFiltered: Year 2026 • Vol 34 • 4

Showing 5 of 14 peer-reviewed papers with full Graphical Abstracts.

Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026028• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Design, Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, and Shock-Induced Energy Release Characteristics of Reactive Tungsten Alloys

Authors: ZHANG Zhou-ran, ZHANG Yi-ming, DING Yi-cheng, LI Mu-feng, LI Shun, BAI Shu-xin

Reactive tungsten alloys (RTAs) are a class of metallic energetic structural materials that combine a high-density tungsten skeleton with reactive elements such as Zr and Ti, offering synergistic capabilities of high-strength load bearing, kinetic penetration, and shock-induced energy release. This review systematically examines the composition design and fabrication methods of RTAs, detailing their typical microstructural characteristics and the structure–mechanical property relationships. It summarizes penetration behavior and energy release characterization under high-velocity impact, and outlines future directions including machine-learning-assisted multi-objective design, development of large-scale component forming technologies, and establishment of multi-scale constitutive models to elucidate penetration and energy release mechanisms. The review highlights that RTAs can achieve dynamic compressive strengths exceeding 2 GPa and densities above 10 g·cm−3, while the addition of elements such as Ti and Nb suppresses the formation of brittle W2Zr intermetallics, improving ductility. Challenges remain in balancing strength, energy release, and processability, particularly in solid-state sintering above 1500 °C. The paper provides a comprehensive foundation for the design and engineering application of high-density reactive tungsten alloys.

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Research Progress on Design, Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, and Shock-Induced Energy Release Characteristics of Reactive Tungsten Alloys

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026021• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Particle Size on Ignition and Combustion Performance of Al-Li-Mg Alloys

Authors: ZENG Qi-hui, WANG Ding-cheng, CHEN Yu-kun, CHANG Ya-meng, LI Chun-tao, PU Yang, LUO Peng-kai, LI Wei, WANG Fang

To elucidate the influence mechanism of particle size on the ignition and combustion behavior of Al-Li-Mg alloys, four alloy powders with median diameters of 9, 13, 16, and 24 μm were systematically investigated. Physicochemical properties were characterized by laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, simultaneous thermal analysis, and oxygen bomb calorimetry. Ignition and combustion behaviors were assessed using a laser ignition test bench equipped with high-speed photography and fiber-optic spectrometry. Results show that with increasing particle size, ignition delay time first decreases sharply then stabilizes, dropping from 135 ms (9 μm) to 51 ms (13 μm), then to 15 ms (16 μm) and 18 ms (24 μm). Combustion intensity, indicated by maximum spectral intensity, decreases from 7300.4 (9 μm) to 1721.6 (24 μm). Combustion duration initially extends slightly then stabilizes, from 857 ms (9 μm) to 928 ms (13 μm) and approximately 920 ms for larger sizes. Notably, the 13 μm alloy achieves an optimal balance among ignition delay (51 ms), combustion duration (928 ms), and combustion intensity (6041.8). The study reveals a critical size effect: between 13 and 16 μm, ignition delay drops by 71% while combustion intensity decreases by 54%, indicating a transition from surface-diffusion-controlled to micro-explosion-dominated combustion. This mechanism arises from competition between heat conduction and elemental diffusion: larger particles restrict heat transfer, promoting Li and Mg surface enrichment and temperature gradients that induce micro-explosions, thereby shortening ignition delay but reducing combustion efficiency and intensity.

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Effect of Particle Size on Ignition and Combustion Performance of Al-Li-Mg Alloys

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025272• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Dynamic Response and Energy Release Mechanisms of Reactive Damage Elements

Authors: YU Jin-jian, DU Ning, REN Shi-chao, GUO Qiu-ping, FU Hua-meng

Reactive damage elements (RDEs) integrate kinetic penetration with chemical energy release, offering a dual-mode damage mechanism. This review systematically examines the state-of-the-art in RDE reaction mechanisms, penetration-reaction coupled damage models, numerical simulation methods, and dynamic loading experiments. Two-stage reaction mechanisms—shock-induced and shock-assisted—are elaborated, along with thermo-mechanical-chemical coupling theory and reaction threshold regulation. Penetration depth and hole-enlargement models, aftereffect overpressure and ignition models, fragment cloud distribution and damage radius models are summarized. Advances in reactive material equations of state, SPH-ALE multi-physics coupling algorithms, and cross-scale modeling methods are consolidated, alongside multi-physics synchronous testing and target damage assessment systems. Key findings include: Al-Ni-W systems achieve densities up to 7.8 g·cm⁻³ and tensile strengths exceeding 300 MPa, maintaining structural integrity at 2000 m·s⁻¹. PTFE/Al formulations exhibit shock-induced reactions in nanoseconds, while shock-assisted reactions occur over microseconds to milliseconds, with oxide additives like MoO₃ lowering reaction thresholds and enhancing energy release. Future directions emphasize precise reaction degree control via cross-scale models, universal damage assessment under extreme environments, and field testing using characteristic spectra and electromagnetic pulses. This review provides a comprehensive framework for advancing RDE technology in munitions and protective applications.

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Research Progress on Dynamic Response and Energy Release Mechanisms of Reactive Damage Elements

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026026• Jan 15, 2026

Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation Preparation of TiZrNbTa Refractory High-Entropy Alloy Powder

Authors: CHEN Xing-yi, YAO Xin-wei, ZHANG Zhou-ran, TANG Yu, LI Shun

TiZrNbTa refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) is an active alloy with excellent mechanical properties and energy release characteristics. However, its high and disparate melting points of constituent elements and wide liquid-solid two-phase region hinder large-scale forming via conventional casting. Powder metallurgy offers a viable route, but obtaining suitable powder is critical. This study systematically investigated the hydrogenation-dehydrogenation (HDH) process for preparing equimolar TiZrNbTa RHEA powder. The as-cast alloy was hydrogenated at 550 °C under 0.25 MPa hydrogen pressure for 2 h, transforming the BCC solid solution into metal hydrides (ZrH2, TiH2, and (Nb,Ta)H). Mechanical crushing yielded irregular hydride powder with an average particle size (D50) of 11.13 μm, and hydrogen and oxygen contents of 1.823% and 0.111%, respectively. Subsequent vacuum dehydrogenation at 450 °C for 1.5 h produced single-phase BCC TiZrNbTa powder with significantly reduced hydrogen (0.028%) and slightly increased oxygen (0.121%) contents, and a narrower particle size distribution with D50 reduced to 5.67 μm. The results demonstrate that the HDH process is an effective method for producing low-oxygen TiZrNbTa RHEA powder with suitable particle size for powder metallurgy applications.

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$Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation Preparation of TiZrNbTa Refractory High-Entropy Alloy Powder$

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Original ResearchVol 34, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026036• Jan 15, 2026

Preparation and Performance of Epoxy Resin Cured Compounds with High Mechanical Strength and Energy-release Capability for Reactive Warhead Casings

Authors: ZHANG Wen-feng, WU Zhi-han, LI Bing-zhe, LEI Si-yang, DUAN Ke, ZHANG Jian-wei, JU Su, LIU Jun, HE Yong-lv

To address the issue that resin matrices in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites cannot participate in explosive energy release when used in warhead casings, an epoxy resin cured compound with both high mechanical properties and high energy-release characteristics was prepared by introducing more easily pyrolyzable polyether segments and fluoropolymer-coated nano-aluminum powder into a high-rigidity epoxy cured compound. The crosslinked network structure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition characteristics, ignition and combustion characteristics, and energy-release performance were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, quasi-static mechanical testing, TG-DSC, laser ignition testing, and closed bomb testing. Results show that the cured compound has a well-formed crosslinked network, a tensile strength of 72.41 MPa, an initial thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 273 °C, a minimum ignition energy reduced to 1.77 J, a maximum pressure rise rate of 0.407 MPa·ms⁻¹, and a peak pressure increased to 5.935 MPa in closed bomb tests. The introduction of polyether segments and fluoropolymer-coated nano-aluminum enhances the energy release rate and total energy release, making the material a potential resin matrix for CFRP-based reactive structural materials.

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Preparation and Performance of Epoxy Resin Cured Compounds with High Mechanical Strength and Energy-release Capability for Reactive Warhead Casings

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