Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• Provides a comprehensive overview of inflammation-related diseases and the role of nanomedicine in their treatment. • Classifies nanomaterials commonly used for inflammatory disease therapy, highlighting their mechanisms and therapeutic potential. • Summarizes current nanomedical applications with desirable therapeutic efficacy in treating various inflammatory conditions. • Discusses challenges and future perspectives in nanomedicine for inflammatory diseases, emphasizing translational barriers and potential solutions.
Abstract
This review examines inflammation as a physiological defense mechanism against infectious agents, physical trauma, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and metabolic stress, which, under dysregulated conditions, may progress into chronic diseases. Nanomedicine, which integrates nanotechnology with medicine, suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways and overexpressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as ROS, to address inflammation-related pathologies. Current advances in nanomaterial design and synthesis strategies are systematically analyzed, with parallel discussions on toxicity mechanisms, influencing factors, and evaluation methods that are critical for clinical translation. Applications of functional nanomaterials are highlighted in the context of refractory inflammatory conditions, including wound healing, gastrointestinal disorders, and immune, neurological, or circulatory diseases, along with targeted delivery strategies. Persistent challenges in nanomedicine development, such as biocompatibility optimization, precise biodistribution control, and standardized toxicity assessment, are critically assessed. By bridging material innovation with therapeutic efficacy, this review establishes a framework for advancing nanomedicine to improve treatment outcomes while addressing translational barriers.
1. Introduction
Nanomedicine is an emerging discipline that integrates nanotechnology into medicine, enabling nanomaterials to play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, thus offering new therapeutic options for a wide range of common health conditions-often referred to as nanotherapies [1]. In contrast to conventional drugs, nanomedicines have nanoscale dimensions that offer a larger specific surface area, facilitating easier surface functionalization. Additionally, these therapeutics exhibit unique physicochemical properties, such as low toxicity, high bioavailability, and improved pharmacokinetics, often leading to enhanced therapeutic effects [2–4]. In recent years, research in nanomedicine has gained significant momentum, fueled by advancements in research technologies. This progress has led to a substantial increase in the diversity of nanomaterials and their applications. Notably, there has been a growing use of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory diseases [5].
Inflammatory diseases pose significant challenges and draw considerable attention in the medical field, as inflammation is linked to nearly all human diseases [5, 6]. An appropriate inflammatory response is a crucial defense mechanism, triggering tissue repair through immune modulation in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage [7]. Persistent inflammation evolves into a pathological response, leading to uncontrolled damage to the organism. Additionally, tissue o
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Xiuxiu Wang, Xinran Song, Wei Feng, Meiqi Chang, Jishun Yang, Yu Chen (2025). Advanced Nanomedicines for Treating Refractory Inflammation-Related Diseases. Nano-Micro Letters. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01829-7
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Frequently Asked Questions
What are the main applications of nanomedicines in treating inflammatory diseases?
Nanomedicines are applied in wound healing, gastrointestinal disorders, immune, neurological, and circulatory diseases, utilizing targeted delivery strategies to suppress inflammatory signaling pathways and overexpressed pro-inflammatory cytokines like ROS.
What are the key challenges in nanomedicine development for inflammatory diseases?
Persistent challenges include biocompatibility optimization, precise biodistribution control, and standardized toxicity assessment, which are critical for clinical translation.
How do nanomaterials scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflammation treatment?
Nanomaterials, including nanozymes and nanoparticles, can mimic antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) to scavenge ROS, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
What is the significance of this review in the field of nanomedicine?
This review systematically analyzes current advances in nanomaterial design and synthesis strategies, discusses toxicity mechanisms and evaluation methods, and highlights applications in refractory inflammatory conditions, providing a framework for advancing nanomedicine while addressing translational barriers.
What are the future perspectives for nanomedicines in treating inflammatory diseases?
Future perspectives include the development of multifunctional nanomaterials, integration with artificial intelligence and machine learning for personalized therapy, and overcoming challenges in biocompatibility and targeted delivery to improve clinical outcomes.
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