• AOD slag can be effectively vitrified with 15wt% bauxite as an alumina source, resulting in a stable glass phase.
• The vitrified product exhibits excellent cementitious properties, including 88.7 MPa compressive strength and soundness below 0.05 mm.
• The robust matrix immobilizes Cr ions, reducing total chromium leaching to 0.09 mg/L, well below the 0.15 mg/L regulatory limit.
• Carbonation reactions inhibit Cr3+ to Cr6+ conversion, enhancing environmental safety and sustainability.