Superresolution reconstruction of E-field for assessing millimeter-wave exposure based on gradient-informed generative adversarial networks with plane-wave integral representation

• EFGraGAN integrates field gradient loss to reconstruct high-resolution mmWave E-fields, preserving both local magnitude and spatial structure. • Training with plane-wave integral representation (PWIR) and randomized incidence significantly improves generalization across antenna types. • Achieves maximum mean relative error below 9% up to 60 GHz in a 4×4 dipole array, satisfying IEC/IEEE 63195-2 standards for exposure assessment. • Demonstrates robustness to noise, enabling existing measurement systems to perform accurate and efficient mmWave exposure assessment.