Simulation Analysis of How Scratches Influence Frequency Splitting and Energy Dissipation of Hemispherical Resonator

• Scratches above 55° latitude induce frequency splitting solely via stiffness changes, while lower-latitude scratches affect mass and damping. • Frequency splitting from scratches at the rim is about 50% of that near the transition fillet for the same scratch size, highlighting location-dependent sensitivity. • Frequency splitting increases linearly with the volume of material removed by scratches, enabling predictive modeling for trimming. • Scratches have negligible effect on thermoelastic damping, but the first three harmonics of unbalanced mass at the rim dominate anchor loss, guiding defect mitigation strategies.