• Increasing normal load (Fs) or normal stiffness (K) reduces initial shear slip and significantly enhances peak shear load and shear modulus, with increases up to 210.32% and 177.06%, respectively.
• Higher shear rate (v) amplifies initial shear slip but reduces peak shear load by 38.57% and shear modulus by 37.03%, indicating rate-dependent mechanical weakening.
• Under increasing Fs and K or decreasing v, the debonding failure surface shifts from the resin-rock interface to the resin-bolt interface, with failure mode transitioning from tensile rupture of resin to shear-off at the resin surface.
• Initial shear dilation marks the onset of shear failure surface formation along anisotropic interfaces, which is critical for predicting debonding initiation and designing more reliable anchorage systems.