Physiological Characteristics of Forearm Muscles During Different Movement Patterns of Wrist

• An eight-channel armband with MRI guidance enables comprehensive sEMG capture from forearm muscles during various wrist movements, palm postures, and external loads. • Muscle activation sequences and absolute times are invariant to palm posture and external load, providing stable neuromuscular control patterns. • RMS and average peak values of dominant muscles increase approximately linearly with external load, quantifying load-dependent activation intensity. • Contribution ratios of each muscle to wrist movements offer standard references for targeted rehabilitation therapy of forearm muscles.