Modified Near-Infrared Annealing Enabled Rapid and Homogeneous Crystallization of Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Modules

• Developed a modified near-infrared annealing (NIRA) system that achieves rapid and homogeneous crystallization of perovskite films within 20 seconds, drastically reducing processing time compared to conventional hot plate annealing (HPA). • The incorporation of excess PbI2 promotes consistent nucleation, enabling high-quality crystallization with performance surpassing that of HPA-based films. • Fully blade-coated perovskite solar modules achieved remarkable efficiencies of 22.03% (6×6 cm2, active area 18 cm2) and 20.18% (10×10 cm2, active area 56 cm2). • This work demonstrates the first successful homogeneous and high-quality crystallization in large-area perovskite films via rapid NIRA, significantly reducing energy consumption and manufacturing cycle, paving the way for commercial-scale production.