Influence of porous structures with small unit cell on mechanical properties of porous titanium dental implants fabricated by selective laser melting

• Gyroid scaffolds exhibit optimal formability with the lowest porosity and pore deviation among the four structures. • Gyroid scaffolds possess the highest torque but the lowest compressive strength and elastic modulus, with a modulus of 3.96 GPa at 60% porosity, matching bone modulus. • The compressive strength of gyroid scaffold (176.3 MPa) exceeds that of bone by 100 MPa, and its torque (2.22 N·m) approaches the FDA safe torque of 2.3 N·m. • Gyroid is identified as the most ideal structure for porous dental implants based on mechanical and formability criteria.