Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• Gyroid scaffolds exhibit optimal formability with the lowest porosity and pore deviation among the four structures. • Gyroid scaffolds possess the highest torque but the lowest compressive strength and elastic modulus, with a modulus of 3.96 GPa at 60% porosity, matching bone modulus. • The compressive strength of gyroid scaffold (176.3 MPa) exceeds that of bone by 100 MPa, and its torque (2.22 N·m) approaches the FDA safe torque of 2.3 N·m. • Gyroid is identified as the most ideal structure for porous dental implants based on mechanical and formability criteria.
Abstract
Based on the application requirements for porous dental implants, four porous structures of gyroid, RD (rhombic dodecahedron), cubic, and CHC (three identical cylinders hollow cubic) for porous titanium implants have been designed and fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. Typically, the unit cell dimensions range from 0.5 to 1.6 mm, with pore diameters between 300 and 900 µm, achieving porosities of 60%−80%. The influence of porous structures with small unit cell on scaffold formability and mechanical properties was investigated through compression, torsion tests as well as finite element simulations. Consequently, gyroid scaffolds exhibit optimal formability with the lowest porosity and pore deviation. With the same porosity, gyroid and RD scaffolds exhibit lower compressive strength than cubic and CHC scaffolds, yet their torsional properties show an inverse relationship. Moreover, gyroid scaffolds possess the highest torque but the lowest compressive strength and elastic modulus. The gyroid scaffold with 60% porosity shows a modulus of 3.96 GPa, matching bone modulus of 0−30 GPa. Its compressive strength reaches 176.3 MPa, exceeding that of bone by 100 MPa. Additionally, the torque for the d4.0 mm implant is 2.22 N·m, approaching the FDA safe torque of 2.3 N·m. Therefore, the gyroid represents the most ideal structure for porous dental implants.
1. Introduction
Dental implants primarily use titanium alloys due to their high specific strength and biocompatibility characterized by dense structural properties. However, their elastic modulus (90−115 GPa) is significantly higher than that of human bone (0−30 GPa), leading to mechanical incompatibility and disrupting stress distribution at the bone−implant interface [1]. Such mismatches can trigger the phenomenon of “stress-shielding” [2], potentially culminating in peri-implant bone resorption and aseptic loosening. Porous structure reduces elastic modulus, providing space for bone ingrowth [3].
Key structure parameters, including unit cell size, porosity and pore structure, are key factors determine mechanical strength. The studies [4−6] indicate that an ideal porous implant should possess elastic moduli and surface characteristics similar to those of natural bone tissue; specifically, it should possess a porosity exceeding 50%, a pore size ranging from 200 to 800 μm, and complete connectivity, while also exhibiting comparable mechanical properties. Dental implants primarily endure two mechanical loads: vertical occlusal forces during mastication and torsional forces during implantation. To ensure masticatory function, the compressive strength must exceed that of cortical bone [4]. Although there is no unified standard for the maximum torque of dental implants, this study established maximum safety standards for porous dental implants by referencing the FDA Guidance Orthopedic Non-Spinal Metallic Bone Screws and Washers-Performance Criteria for Safety [7].
Current research on simple pore structures can be categorized into two categories: cubic-based pore structures (cubic [8], three identical cylinders hollow cubic (CHC) [9,10]) and polyhedral pore structures (diamond [10], rhombic dodecahedron (RD) [11]). The diamond structure exhibits outstanding compressive strength [12], while the RD structure achi
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Lu-man LIAO, Rui-min TANG, Kai WANG, Li YI, Yi-long DAI, Xiao-yong ZHANG, Liang-jian CHEN (2025). Influence of porous structures with small unit cell on mechanical properties of porous titanium dental implants fabricated by selective laser melting. SinoTechIntel Verified Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67022-1
Research & Educational Purpose Only:The translations, structured abstracts, analytical annotations, and data reports provided by SinoTechIntel are intended exclusively for academic research, internal corporate R&D, and educational benchmarking. They do not constitute formal engineering, chemical safety, legal, or professional advice.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What are the four porous structures studied for dental implants?
The four porous structures are gyroid, rhombic dodecahedron (RD), cubic, and three identical cylinders hollow cubic (CHC).
What is the optimal porous structure for dental implants according to the study?
The gyroid structure is identified as the most ideal for porous dental implants due to its optimal formability, mechanical properties, and torque performance.
What are the key mechanical properties of the gyroid scaffold at 60% porosity?
At 60% porosity, the gyroid scaffold has an elastic modulus of 3.96 GPa, compressive strength of 176.3 MPa, and torque of 2.22 N·m for a 4.0 mm implant.
How does the gyroid scaffold compare to bone in terms of mechanical properties?
The gyroid scaffold's elastic modulus (3.96 GPa) matches the bone modulus range (0-30 GPa), and its compressive strength (176.3 MPa) exceeds that of bone by 100 MPa.
What is the significance of the torque value for the gyroid implant?
The torque of 2.22 N·m for the gyroid implant approaches the FDA safe torque of 2.3 N·m, indicating adequate torsional stability for dental applications.
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