• Established calculation methods for bolt prestress and length based on arched and collapsed failure modes of shallow-buried large-span caverns.
• Clarified the influence mechanisms of various factors on bolt prestress and length, enabling more rational support design.
• Developed a high-strength, high-toughness constant resistance energy-absorbing bolt and validated its mechanical properties through comparative testing.
• Field application in Qingdao metro station demonstrated a maximum roof settlement of only 6.8 mm, confirming effective control of surrounding rock.