• Numerical simulations using finite volume method accurately capture bottom pressure fields for regular waves, calm-water vehicles, and vehicles in waves, validated against experimental data.
• Turbulent flow models, accounting for viscosity and boundary layer effects, yield more accurate predictions of the stern region's bottom pressure for submerged vehicles compared to inviscid models.
• The sphere's bottom pressure field in waves is not a linear superposition of wave and sphere fields due to diffraction, whereas a slender submerged vehicle exhibits weaker diffraction, allowing linear superposition approximation.
• Incorporating momentum source terms in the numerical wave tank reduces wave reflection and improves simulation fidelity.