• mmWave communications rely on high-directional beams to compensate for path loss, making precise beam alignment essential for reliable links.
• Beam tracking is critical for maintaining connectivity in mobile 5G and vehicular scenarios where frequent transceiver movement causes beam misalignment.
• Hybrid beamforming offers a flexible and low-complexity architecture that supports effective beam tracking while balancing hardware cost and performance.
• Traditional sub-6 GHz tracking algorithms such as LMS, RLS, and Kalman filter are unsuitable for mmWave due to shorter coherence time, necessitating faster strategies.