Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• Metal halide perovskites exhibit exceptional light yield and X-ray sensitivity, positioning them as leading candidates for next-generation X-ray detection. • Engineering intrinsic properties such as light yield and response times is crucial for optimizing scintillator performance. • Innovative strategies including stacked structures, waveguide effects, and flexible scintillators enhance radioluminescent light management for high-resolution imaging. • The review outlines a roadmap for future development, emphasizing the transformative potential of MHPs in high-performance X-ray detection systems.
Abstract
The relentless pursuit of advanced X-ray detection technologies has been significantly bolstered by the emergence of metal halides perovskites (MHPs) and their derivatives, which possess remarkable light yield and X-ray sensitivity. This comprehensive review delves into cutting-edge approaches for optimizing MHP scintillators performances by enhancing intrinsic physical properties and employing engineering radioluminescent (RL) light strategies, underscoring their potential for developing materials with superior high-resolution X-ray detection and imaging capabilities. We initially explore into recent research focused on strategies to effectively engineer the intrinsic physical properties of MHP scintillators, including light yield and response times. Additionally, we explore innovative engineering strategies involving stacked structures, waveguide effects, chiral circularly polarized luminescence, increased transparency, and the fabrication of flexile MHP scintillators, all of which effectively manage the RL light to achieve high-resolution and high-contrast X-ray imaging. Finally, we provide a roadmap for advancing next-generation MHP scintillators, highlighting their transformative potential in high-performance X-ray detection systems.
1. Introduction
The imperative for sophisticated X-ray detection technologies has never been more critical, with applications spanning the realms of medical imaging, security surveillance, scientific research, and industrial non-destructive testing [1, 2] Based on their detection mechanisms, X-ray detectors are broadly categorized into direct and indirect types. Direct detectors use semiconductors to immediately convert X-rays into electrical signals, whereas indirect systems employ scintillators to first transform X-rays into visible light, then detected by photodetectors [3]. Despite faster response times in direct detection, indirect detectors dominate commercial applications use due to their higher efficiency, better stability, and lower costs [4–7].
In the realm of scintillators, however, traditional scintillators each have limitations that hinder their effectiveness across the practical applications. For instance, columnar CsI: Tl is commonly utilized in medical radiography for its high light yield and good resolution [8, 9], but its hygroscopic nature can degrade performance over time. Ceramic Gd2O2S (GOS), used in X-ray computed tomography (CT), offers high light output and stability [10–13], but has a relatively long decay time and can be costly to produce, limiting its use in cost-sensitive applications. Similarly, single crystalline Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5:Ce (LYSO: Ce) is favored in positron emission tomography (PET) for its high light yield and fast decay time [14, 15], yet it is expensive and challenging to grow in large, defect-free crystals, affecting its widespread adoption. These limitations underscore the need for ongoing research and development to create new scintillator materials that better meet the diverse demands of various imaging applications. The evolving demand for detecting intricate structures, high-precision equipment, irregular geometries, and efficiently storing imaging information necessitates the development of scintillators with exceptional characteristics. Therefore, developing novel scintillators is essential.
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Ting Wang, Guoqiang Zeng, Yang Michael Yang, Zhi Yang, Tianchi Wang, Hao Li, Lulu Han, Xue Yu, Xuhui Xu, Xiaoping Ouyang (2025). Advances in Metal Halide Perovskite Scintillators for X-Ray Detection. Nano-Micro Letters. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01772-7
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Frequently Asked Questions
What are metal halide perovskite scintillators?
Metal halide perovskite scintillators are materials that convert X-ray photons into visible light, leveraging the exceptional light yield and X-ray sensitivity of metal halide perovskites. They are promising for high-resolution X-ray detection and imaging.
How do metal halide perovskite scintillators improve X-ray detection?
They improve X-ray detection by offering high light yield, fast response times, and tunable properties. Engineering strategies such as stacked structures and waveguide effects further enhance radioluminescent light management, leading to higher resolution and contrast in imaging.
What are the limitations of traditional scintillators?
Traditional scintillators like CsI:Tl, GOS, and LYSO:Ce have issues such as hygroscopicity, long decay times, high production costs, and difficulty in growing large defect-free crystals, which limit their performance and widespread adoption.
What future directions are proposed for metal halide perovskite scintillators?
The review proposes a roadmap focusing on further enhancing intrinsic properties, developing flexible and transparent scintillators, and integrating advanced engineering strategies to achieve next-generation high-performance X-ray detection systems.
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