• Bioelectricity and endogenous electric fields are critical biophysical factors in bone remodeling and regeneration, providing a foundation for electroactive therapeutic strategies.
• Electroactive hybrid biomaterials (EHBs) combine electroactive properties with biocompatibility and biodegradability, offering biomimetic scaffolds that promote osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis.
• Self-powered systems, including triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators and photovoltaic devices, enable wireless, battery-free electrical stimulation for bone tissue engineering, overcoming limitations of conventional ES devices.
• Simulating the target tissue's electrophysiological microenvironment is crucial for effective bone repair; future research should focus on integrating EHBs with self-powered systems and addressing challenges such as long-term stability and clinical translation.