• • Fabrication of a quartz glass concave LoL template with an area of approximately 2.6 mm² via femtosecond laser dual-modification and two-step wet etching, enabling precise control over ommatidial geometry and spatial arrangement; this addresses the industrial bottleneck of replicating dense, hexagonal ommatidial arrays with high fidelity for wafer-scale production.
• • Integration of the flexible PDMS LoL array with a microfluidic chip allows dynamic tuning of the CE's field-of-view (FOV) and focal plane through controlled injection of PDMS precursor, achieving a complete curved bi-focal plane; this eliminates the fixed-focus limitation of conventional CEs, critical for adaptive machine vision systems requiring variable depth perception.
• • Cooperative bi-focal imaging was demonstrated with both large and small ommatidia maintaining stable focusing performance within their theoretical FOVs, enabling simultaneous capture of near and far targets; this dual-focal capability enhances moving target detection and 3D trajectory reconstruction, as evidenced by successful tracking of triangular and dragonfly targets in a 3D coordinate system.
• • The tunable CE successfully reconstructed moving target trajectories (e.g., dragonfly path in 3D coordinates) with high temporal resolution, validating its potential for particle image velocimetry and robotic vision; this provides a cost-effective alternative to bulky multi-camera systems, with scalability inherent to soft lithography and microfluidic integration.