Time-dependent behavior of deep roadway surrounding rock considering damage induced by excavation and mining disturbances: Experiments, modeling, and simulation

• Creep experiments on pre-damaged rock reveal that initial damage significantly influences time-dependent deformation and accelerates creep failure. • A novel elastic-viscoplastic creep damage (EVPCD) model integrates both time-dependent and instantaneous damage, accurately capturing nonlinear creep behavior under stress disturbances. • The EVPCD model was implemented in FLAC3D and validated against experimental data, demonstrating superior predictive capability compared to CVISC and Nishihara models. • Case study of Xutuan Coal Mine roadway shows that the EVPCD-based numerical simulation effectively predicts long-term stability and damage evolution, matching on-site monitoring.