Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• SnS2@NxC composite with eggshell-like nitrogen-doped carbon coating effectively mitigates volumetric expansion, maintaining structural integrity over 1000 cycles. • The electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 701.8 mA·h·g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1 after 1000 cycles, demonstrating exceptional long-term cycling stability. • Nitrogen doping enhances electrical conductivity and promotes a robust SEI layer, contributing to improved rate performance and durability. • The scalable synthesis using sucrose and dopamine offers a promising strategy for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes.
Abstract
Tin sulfide (SnS2) anodes have garnered significant attention within emerging energy storage technologies. However, the application of SnS2 is curtailed due to its inherent limitations, including poor cyclic stability and inevitable volumetric expansion upon cycling. This study reports the successful fabrication of an innovative SnS2-based composite, featuring an eggshell-like structured nitrogen-doped carbon coating, referred to as SnS2@NxC. This novel architecture, wherein SnS2 acts as the core encapsulated by a nitrogen-doped carbon shell, characterized by a void space between the shell and core, is crucial in mitigating volumetric expansion. This configuration contributes to maintaining the structural integrity of the composite materials, even under the stresses of continuous cycling. Nitrogen within the carbon matrix enhances conductivity and promotes the formation of a more robust and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Experimental investigations have substantiated the electrochemical superiority of the SnS2@NxC electrode, demonstrating a specific capacity of 701.8 mA·h·g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A·g−1 and maintaining a capacity of 597.2 mA·h·g−1 after 400 cycles at a heightened current density of 2 A·g−1. These findings underscore the exceptional cyclic performance and durability of the SnS2@NxC electrode.
1. Introduction
Technological advancements in energy storage devices, ranging from portable smart gadgets to electric vehicles, have featured the urgency of upgrading traditional energy storage materials. This urgent need is primarily driven by the quest for enhanced efficiency and performance in energy storage solutions, which is vital for supporting the growing reliance on renewable energy sources and the transition towards more sustainable forms of energy consumption. Yet, the low capacity of the traditional graphite anode hinders the high-capacity necessitated by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), thereby impeding their broader application spectrum [1e4].
Tin-based materials, including Sn [5], SnO2 [6], SnS2 [7,8], and Sn4P3 [9], have gained widespread attention because of their remarkable theoretical capacities and low cost. Tin disulfide (SnS2), a layered metallic sulfide with a CdI2 lattice structure, stands out in this regard [10]. SnS2 is characterized by its relatively expansive interlayer spacing of 0.59 nm, which facilitates rapid ion diffusion in contrast to the widely reported graphite anode materials with a narrower interlayer space of approximately 0.34 nm. Moreover, SnS2 boasts a considerably higher theoretical capacity (z1231 mA·h·g−1) compared to graphite anodes. It exhibits many properties conducive to energy storage systems, such as non-toxicity, high lithium storage capability, and affordability. However, challenges related to its inferior conductivity and significant volume changes have notably diminished its reversible capacity and rate performance, indicating a need for further research and development to leverage its potential in the related applications [11e13].
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Zhen He, Yuqian Wei, Yunfei Song, Jiaming Liu, Yuxin Wang, Muhammad D. Hayat (2024). The preparation of SnS2@NxC electrodes and its exceptional performance in energy storage usages. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j_cjche_1448
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the SnS2@NxC composite material?
SnS2@NxC is a composite material consisting of tin sulfide (SnS2) nanoparticles encapsulated in a nitrogen-doped carbon shell with an eggshell-like structure, featuring a void space between the core and shell to accommodate volume changes during cycling.
How does the nitrogen-doped carbon coating improve battery performance?
The nitrogen doping enhances the electrical conductivity of the carbon shell and promotes the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which improves cycling stability and rate capability.
What specific capacity does the SnS2@NxC electrode achieve?
The SnS2@NxC electrode achieves a specific capacity of 701.8 mA·h·g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A·g−1, and maintains 597.2 mA·h·g−1 after 400 cycles at 2 A·g−1.
What are the main advantages of SnS2 as an anode material?
SnS2 offers a high theoretical capacity (about 1231 mA·h·g−1), large interlayer spacing for fast ion diffusion, non-toxicity, and low cost, making it a promising alternative to graphite anodes.
How is the SnS2@NxC composite synthesized?
The composite is synthesized using sucrose as a carbon source and dopamine hydrochloride as a nitrogen source, followed by a solvothermal process to create the eggshell-like structure.
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