Synergistic Single-Atom and Clustered Cobalt Sites on N/S Co-Doped Defect Nano-Carbon for Efficient H2O2 Electrosynthesis

• Defect-rich nanocarbon catalyst (CoSA/CoNP-NSDNC) synthesized using NSCo single atoms and Co nanoparticle clusters on fullerene-derived carbon framework, enabling efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis. • The CoSA/CoNP-NSDNC catalyst exhibits high H2O2 selectivity (~90%) over a wide potential range with an onset potential of 0.72 V versus RHE, achieving Faraday efficiency close to 95% in acidic conditions. • Demonstrates potential for environmental applications, achieving high H2O2 production (4206.96 mmol g−1 h−1) in a flow cell setup, along with efficient degradation of organic pollutants in Fenton-like reactions. • Synergistic effect of non-noble metal nanoparticles, single-atom sites, and topological defects provides a new direction for designing carbon-based catalysts for efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis.