• Comprehensive review of crashworthiness aspects including materials, energy absorbing structures, simulation, and experiments.
• Thin-walled structures at vehicle ends are primary energy absorbers, with materials like aluminum alloy and composites playing key roles.
• Crash energy management is crucial for improving train crashworthiness by distributing dissipated energy.
• Numerical methods (FEM, MBD) and experiments are essential for validating crashworthy designs.